Fig. 1.

TLR1/2 activation induces higher IL-1β secretion from RA patient monocytes than healthy controls

CD14⁺ monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood donated by HC and RA patients. IL-1β secretion was measured following 24 hours of culture with media alone (unstimulated) and (A) 100 ng/ml Pam₃CSK₄ (HC n = 18; RA n = 28), (B) 10 ng/ml LPS (HC n = 21; RA n = 29) or (C) 2 μg/ml R-848 (HC n = 22; RA n = 28). Data is shown as the mean ± SEM. Significance was tested using two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test (***P = 0.0009). HC: healthy control; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TLR: Toll-like receptor.