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. 2021 Dec 5;16:174. doi: 10.1186/s11671-021-03632-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — AuNP formulation through one-phase system by citrate reduction (A) and two-phase system reduction followed by stabilization and functionalization via ligand exchange reaction, Brust–Schiffrin method (B). Reproduced with permission [36]. Copyright 2013, De Gruyter. TOAB tetrabutylammonium bromide, SH thiolated molecules