Table 1.
Characteristics of included articles.
| Author/year | Sample size | Mean age (y) | Course of disease (m) | Intervention | Treatment duration | Stimulated site | Treatment parameters | RCT type | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment/control | |||||||||
| Chieffo et al., 2020 [19] | 6/6 | 58.67 ± 10.33/61.17 ± 8.70 | 41.50 ± 26.77/41.00 ± 26.54 | r + c/sham + c | 15 min/day, 11 sessions | Bilateral leg motor cortex | 20 Hz, 80%–90% RMT, H-coil |
Crossover trial | FMA-LE, MAS, 10-MT, 6MWT |
| Rastgoo et al., 2016 [15] | 7/7 | 54.60 ± 11.75/49.70 ± 11.00 | 30.2 ± 18.3/27.4 ± 20.1 | r/sham | 20 min/day, 5 days | Leg motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere | 1 Hz, 90% RMT, eight coil |
Crossover trial | MMAS, FMA-LE, Hmax/Mmax, TUG |
| Yijie, 2018 [20] | 70/70 | 55.20 ± 11.50/51.30 ± 12.10 | 31.60 ± 11.5/51.3 ± 12.1 | r + R/sham + R | 20 min/day, 5 days | Contralateral cerebral cortex | 1 Hz, 90% RMT, eight coil |
Crossover trial | MAS, FMA-LE, Hmax/Mmax, TUG |
| Jing et al., 2018 [21] | 24/24 | 56.55 ± 13.11/57.33 ± 12.00 | 3.58 ± 2.44/4.01 ± 2.89 days | r + R/R | 15 min/day, 1 month | Primary motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere | 1 Hz, 90% RMT | Factorial trial | MAS, FMA-LE, MBI, BBS |
| Jing et al., 2018 [21] | 24/24 | 56.21 ± 11.68/55.93 ± 13.88 | 4.33 ± 2.57/4.41 ± 2.69 days | r + B + R/B + R | 15 min/day, 1 month | Primary motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere | 1 Hz, 90% RMT | Factorial trial | MAS, FMA-LE, MBI, BBS |
| Yang et al., 2015 [22] | 60/60 | 58.7 ± 3.5/59.2 ± 3.3 | 4.6 ± 1.2/4.3 ± 1.4 | r + R/r | 15 min/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks | M1 of the affected hemisphere | 2 Hz, 90% RMT butterfly shaped coils |
Parallel trial | FMA, FAC, CSI, 10-MT |
| Hong et al., 2016 [17] | 20/20 | 62.18 ± 13.66/61.23 ± 14.24 | 3.98 ± 2.05/4.61 ± 2.50 days | r + R/R | 20 min/day, 6 days/week, 4 weeks | Primary motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere | 1 Hz, 90% RMT circular coil |
Factorial trial | MAS, FMA-LE, MBI |
| Hong et al., 2016 [17] | 20/20 | 61.99 ± 15.02/60.89 ± 15.16 | 4.02 ± 3.17/4.35 ± 3.28 days | r + B + R/r + B | 20 min/day, 6 days/week, 4 weeks | Primary motor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere | 1 Hz, 90% RMT circular coil |
Parallel trial | MAS, FMA-LE, MBI |
| Huayao et al., 2019 [23] | 47/45 | 43.33 ± 9.18/44.33 ± 9.94 | ───── | r + F/sham + F | 20 min/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks | M1 of the affected brain hemisphere | 1 Hz | Parallel trial | MAS, FMA-LE, MEP |
r: rehabilitation; sham: sham rTMS; c: cycling; B: BTX-A; R: rehabilitation; F: FES (functional electrical stimulation).