Table 1.

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs in our center.

	ERAS programs
Preoperative management	ERAS programs are introduced during preoperative education
	NRS-2002 evaluation scale is used to determine preoperative nutritional assessment and support
	No preoperative bowel preparation
	Patients were fasted for 6 h and drink was forbidden for 2 h before surgery
	Child-Pugh liver function grading evaluation
	Accurate liver resection planning under three-dimensional reconstruction and ERAS management risk evaluation and control
	Routine evaluation and prevention training, focusing on the risk evaluation of deep venous thrombosis and respiratory function exercise
Intraoperative management	Routine usage of prophylactic antibiotics
	Multi-mode individualized anesthesia program
	Low central venous pressure (CVP) technique [CVP <5 mmHg, systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 90 mmHg] + perioperative goal directed fluid therapy
	Individualized liver blood flow control technique
	Perioperative body temperature higher than 36.0°C (insulation blanket + warm distilled water rinse)
	Open/laparoscopy + delicate liver parenchyma dissection technique
Postoperative management	Selective indwelling drainage tube, no routine nasogastric tube, early removal of catheters
	Comprehensive, quantitative and dynamic evaluation + preventive multi-mode analgesic management (routine analgesic pump 1d, supplemented by opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and epidural anesthesia)
	PONV risk evaluation and multi-mode PONV prevention (such as 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and glucocorticoid)
	Patients were encouraged to drink water 4–6 h after surgery and to take a liquid or semi-liquid diet 1 d after surgery, gradually to a normal diet
	Mobilization was started at 1 d after surgery. Establish daily activity goals and increase activity levels gradually.
	In addition to routine care and symptomatic treatment, focusing on coagulation dysfunction (routine low-molecular heparin)/liver failure/bile leakage/ascites/hydrothorax and other complications
	Discharge as soon as possible in accordance with the criteria: basic self-care; pain relief or oral pain relievers can control pain well; normally diet without intravenous fluids support; normal flatus and defecation; the Child-Pugh liver function grade A or bilirubin returned to normal or nearly normal; good wound healing and no infection; no need to wait for removing stitches; the patient agreed and wished to be discharged.

PONV, Postoperative nausea and vomiting.