Table 6.
Univariate logistic regression analysis for severe visual impairment.
| Variable | n (%) | OR | C.I. 95% | P= |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, men | 86 (89.6) | 1.06 | 0.42–2.67 | 0.905 |
| Age (mean ± SD) years | 39.5 ± 15.4 | 1.021 | 1.00–1.04 | 0.044 |
| Follow-up days (median, IQR) | 30, 80 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.685 |
| Systemic comorbidities | ||||
| Illegal substance abuse | 12 (14.0) | 3.73 | 1.16–12.04 | 0.028 |
| Hypertension | 10 (11.6) | 3.06 | 0.92–10.14 | 0.067 |
| Diabetes | 5 (5.8) | 1.93 | 0.45–8.34 | 0.376 |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||
| Metallic object trauma | 18 (18.8) | 0.18 | 0.96–0.35 | <0.001 |
| Polytrauma | 14 (14.6) | 5.80 | 1.61–20.92 | 0.007 |
| Fist/kick trauma | 12 (12.5) | 7.35 | 1.60–33.80 | 0.010 |
| Blunt objects trauma | 12 (12.5) | 12.07 | 1.51–96.29 | 0.019 |
| Explosives trauma | 4 (4.2) | – | – | 0.999 |
| OTS raw points (mean ± SD) | 41.5 ± 14.6 | 1.138 | 1.10–1.18 | <0.001 |
| Wound length, millimeters (mean ± SD) | 25.9 ± 36.4 | 1.022 | 1.01–1.04 | 0.007 |
| Number of sutures | 13.6 ± 6.5 | 1.333 | 1.21–1.47 | <0.001 |
| Type and zones of injury | ||||
| Penetrating wound | 12 (12.5) | 0.76 | 0.36–0.16 | <0.001 |
| Globe rupture | 76 (79.2) | 25.72 | 11.99–55.15 | <0.001 |
| Zone 3 trauma (>5 mm from limbus) | 36 (50.7) | 13.81 | 5.62–33.89 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral corneal injury | 19 (41.3) | 2.08 | 0.98–4.42 | 0.057 |
| Total corneal injury | 21 (45.7) | 3.41 | 1.57–7.40 | 0.002 |
| Clinical characteristics of OGI | ||||
| Intraocular foreign body | 5 (5.2) | 0.24 | 0.85–0.66 | 0.006 |
| Uveal exposure | 74 (88.1) | 8.84 | 4.10–19.06 | <0.001 |
| Vitreous exposure | 36 (50.7) | 5.83 | 2.83–11.96 | <0.001 |
| Hyphema | 65 (82.3) | 11.37 | 5.52–23.38 | <0.001 |
| Athalamia | 51 (71.8) | 12.30 | 5.89–25.65 | <0.001 |
| Anterior chamber fibrin | 23 (45.1) | 2.08 | 1.03–4.21 | 0.041 |
| Initial retinal detachment | 1 (9.1) | 1.10 | 0.12–10.43 | 0.934 |
| Blood test parameters | ||||
| Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥ 3.47 | 58 (64.4) | 3.90 | 2.07–7.36 | <0.001 |
| Platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) ≥ 112.2 | 60 (55.6) | 2.03 | 1.08–3.83 | 0.029 |
| Absolute leucocyte count (mean ± SD) | 11.7 ± 3.9 | 1.23 | 1.11–1.37 | <0.001 |
| Absolute neutrophil count (mean ± SD) | 9.2 ± 4.1 | 1.24 | 1.12–1.37 | <0.001 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count (mean ± SD) | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.59 | 0.39–0.86 | 0.008 |
| Glucose (mean ± SD) | 124.8 ± 50 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 | 0.027 |
OTS, Ocular trauma score; BCVA, best corrected visual acuity; IQR, Interquartile range; SVI, Severe visual impairment; NSVI, Non-SVI; OGI, Open globe injury.
Bold means p < 0.05.
Percentages are relative to the number of patients with available data.