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. 2021 Oct 18;9(12):6903–6922. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.2633

TABLE 6.

Structure, precursors, and microorganisms producing decarboxylase of some biogenic amines

Amino acid precursors Biogenic amine Chemical structure and formula Main microorganisms producing amino acid decarboxylase
Histidine Histamine Inline graphicC5H9N3

Hafnia alvei, Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Morganella psychrotolerans,

Photobacterium phosphoreum,

Photobacterium psychrotolerans

Tryptophan Tryptamine Inline graphicC10H12N2 ‐
Tyrosine Tyramine Inline graphicC8H11NO

Enterococcus (Ent. faecalis, Ent. faecium)

Lactobacillus (Lact. curvatus; Lact. brevis)

Leuconostoc spp, Carnobacterium spp

Staphylococcus spp
Phenylalanine 2‐Phenylethylamine

Inline graphicC8H11N

Enterococcus,

Lactobacillus curvatus,

Staphylococcus (S. carnosus)
Hydroxytryptophan Serotonine nd ‐
Lysine Cadavérine Inline graphicNH2(CH2)5NH2

Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus, Salmonella et Shigella)

Pseudomonadaceae, Shewanellaceae

Ornithine; arginine Putrescine Inline graphicNH2(CH2)4NH2

Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus, Salmonella et Shigella)

Pseudomonadaceae, Shewanellaceae

Ornithine; arginine Spermine Inline graphicC10H26N4 ‐
Ornithine; arginine Spermidine Inline graphicC7H19N3 ‐

Source: Santos (1996); Kim et al. (2002), Onal (2007); EFSA (2011); Tosukhowong et al. (2011); Ali et al. (2016).