Table 2.
Characteristics of the participating intensive care units
| Characteristic | Number of ICUs (%) | Number of patients (%) | APACHE II score (mean ± SD) | ICU mortality (%) [terminal discharges, %] | Hospital mortality (n = 4,594) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 132 (100) | 4,669 (100) | 16.7 ± 9.8 | 1,092 (23.4) [355, 7.6%] | 1,164 (25.3) |
| Type of ICU | |||||
| Open | 112 (84.8) | 3,939 (84.4) | 16.7 ± 9.7 | 877 (22.3) [274, 7.0%] | 939 (24.3) |
| Closed | 20 (15.2) | 730 (15.6) | 16.8 ± 10.0 | 215 (29.5) [81, 11.1%] | 225 (31.0) |
| p | 0.884 | 0.000 | 0.0001 | ||
| ICU specialty | |||||
| 1. Mixed medical–surgical | 108 (81.8) | 4,082 (87.4) | 16.8 ± 9.8* | 962 (23.6) [304, 7.4%] | 1,025 (26.0) |
| 2. All other specialcty ICUs | 24 (18.2) | 587 (12.6) | 16.6 ± 9.3 | 130 (22.1) [51, 8.7%] | 139 (23.7) |
| a. Neuro-intensive care | 6 (4.5) | 120 (2.6) | 16.0 ± 8.6 | 23 (19.2) [18, 15%] | 27 (22.5) |
| b. Surgical | 7 (5.3) | 141 (3.0) | 12.2 ± 6.7 | 16 (11.3) [2, 1.4%] | 16 (11.4) |
| c. Coronary care | 1 (0.8) | 45 (0.96) | 11.8 ± 6.7 | 5 (11.1) [0] | 5 (11.1) |
| d. Medical | 8 (6.1) | 266 (5.7) | 19.6 ± 9.9 | 84 (31.6) [31, 11.7%] | 88 (33.3) |
| e. Cardiac surgical | 1 (0.8) | 5 (0.11) | 16.2 ± 6.3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| f. Other | 1 (0.8) | 10 (0.21) | 28.0 ± 5.7 | 2 (20.0) [0] | 3 (30.0) |
| p | 0.7 (1 vs 2) | 0.45 (1 vs 2) | 0.11 (1 vs 2) | ||
| Number of beds in ICU | |||||
| A. 1–20 beds | 67 (50.8) | 1,490 (31.9) | 17.1 ± 9.6 | 349 (23.4) [114, 7.6%] | 380 (25.5) |
| B. >20 beds | 65 (49.2) | 3,179 (68.1) | 16.6 ± 9.8 | 743 (23.4) [241, 7.6%] | 784 (25.1) |
| p | 0.09 (A vs B) | 0.920 (A vs B) | 0.20 (A vs B) | ||
| Number of hospital beds | |||||
| A. 1–499 | 84 (63.6) | 2,453 (52.5) | 17.1 ± 9.8 | 521 (21.2) [178, 7.3%] | 560 (22.3) |
| a. 1–199 | 32 (24.2) | 777 (16.6) | 15.4 ± 9.6 | 169 (21.8) [71, 9.1%] | 190 (24.7) |
| b. 200–499 | 52 (39.4) | 1,676 (35.9) | 17.8 ± 9.8 | 352 (21.0) [107, 6.4%] | 370 (22.5) |
| B. ≥500 | 48 (36.4) | 2,216 (47.5) | 16.4 ± 9.7 | 571 (25.8) [177, 8.0%] | 604 (27.7) |
| p | 0.01 (A vs B) | 0.000 (A vs B) | 0.002 (A vs B) | ||
| Nurse to patient ratio | |||||
| <1:2 (less than 1 nurse per two patients) | 45 (34.1) | 1,205 (25.8) | 16.8 ± 9.6 | 265 (21.2) [101, 8.4%] | 289 (24.1) |
| ≥1:2 (1 or more nurses per two patients) | 87 (65.9) | 3,464 (74.2) | 16.7 ± 9.8 | 827 (23.9) [254, 7.3%] | 874 (25.7) |
| p | 0.672 | 0.182 | 0.278 | ||
| Hospital | |||||
| Public hospital ICUs | 6 (4.5) | 111 (2.4) | 18.6 ± 11.1 | 31 (27.9) [2, 1.8%] | 33 (30.0) |
| Private hospital ICUs | 126 (95.5) | 4,558 (97.6) | 16.7 ± 9.7 | 1,061 (23.3) [353, 7.7%] | 1,131 (25.2) |
| p | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.253 | 0.255 |
| Postgraduate teaching/training program in intensive care | |||||
| None | 37 (28.0) | 812 (17.4) | 15.9 ± 9. 5 | 168 (20.7) [60, 7.4%] | 186 (23.8) |
| Present | 95 (72.0) | 3,857 (82.6) | 16.9 ± 9.8 | 924 (23.9) [295, 7.6%] | 978 (25.7) |
| p | 0.006 | 0.046 | 0.264 | ||
| Equipment and facilities | |||||
| Adequate | 62 (47.0) | 2,855 (61.1) | 17.2 ± 9.9 | 692 (24.2) [229, 8.0%] | 738 (26.3) |
| Not adequate | 70 (53.0) | 1,814 (38.9) | 16.0 ± 9.4 | 400 (22.1) [126, 6.9%] | 426 (23.8) |
| p | 0.004 | 0.089 | 0.055 | ||
| NABH/JCI accreditation | |||||
| Not accredited | 109 (82.6) | 4,136 | 16.5 ± 9.7 | 965 (23.3) [304, 7.4%] | 1,023 (25.2) |
| Accredited | 23 (17.4) | 533 | 18.3 ± 10.2 | 127 (23.8) [51, 9.6%] | 141 (26.6) |
| p | 0.000 | 0.748 | 0.846 | ||
| Written protocols | |||||
| Present | 122 (92.4) | 4,486 | 16.8 ± 9.8 | 1,051 (23.4) [338, 7.5%] | 1,119 (25.4) |
| Absent | 10 (7.6) | 183 | 15.4 ± 9.0 | 41 (22.4) [17, 9.3%] | 45 (24.7) |
| p | 0.059 | 0.748 | 0.846 | ||
APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; ICU, intensive care unit; NABH, national accreditation board for hospitals and healthcare providers; JCI, joint commission international