Table 4.
Patient demographics, ICU admission characteristics and severity of illness*
| All patients | ICU survivors | ICU nonsurvivors | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | ||||
| Number of patients (%) | 4,669 (100) | 3,577 (76.6%) | 1,092 (23.4%) | |
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 56.9 ± 17.4 | 56.4 ± 17.6 | 58.5 ± 16.6 | 0.01 |
| Male [number of patients, (%)] | 2,973 (63.7) | 2,271 (76.4) | 702 (23.6) | 0.632 |
| Female [number of patients, (%)] | 1,696 (36.3) | 1,306 (77.0) | 390 (23.0) | |
| Financial resources | 0.193 | |||
| Self-paying [number of patients, (%)] | 3,010 (64.5) | 2,288 (76.0) | 722 (24.0) | |
| Not self-paying (payment by employer, insurance, etc.) [number of patients, (%)] | 1,659 (35.5) | 1,289 (77.7) | 370 (22.3) | |
| Type of ICU admission [number of patients, (%)] | <0.001 | |||
| Medical/nonoperative | 3,993 (85.5) | 2,963 (74.2) | 1,030 (25.8) | |
| Surgical | 676 (14.5) | 614 (90.8) | 62 (9.2) | |
| Elective postoperative | 462 (9.9) | 425 (92.0) | 37 (8.0) | |
| Unscheduled/emergent postoperative | 214 (4.6) | 189 (88.3) | 25 (11.7) | |
| Source of admission [number of patients, (%)] | <0.001 | |||
| Home | 913 (19.6) | 716 (78.4) | 197 (21.6) | |
| Emergency department | 1,596 (34.2) | 1,202 (75.3) | 394 (24.7) | |
| Ward of same hospital | 703 (15.1) | 479 (68.1) | 224 (31.9) | |
| ICU of other hospital | 435 (9.3) | 307 (70.6) | 128 (29.4) | |
| Ward of other hospital | 283 (6.1) | 212 (74.9) | 71 (25.1) | |
| From operation theater | 676 (14.5) | 614 (90.8) | 62 (9.2) | |
| Not known/missing | 63 (1.3) | 47 (74.6) | 16 (25.4) | |
| Comorbidities [number of patients, (%)] | ||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 363 (7.8) | 267 (73.6) | 96 (26.4) | 0.152 |
| Diabetes mellitus (IDDM and NIDDM) | 1,555 (33.3) | 1,170 (77.3) | 385 (22.7) | 0.118 |
| Hypertension | 2,055 (44.0) | 1,589 (77.3) | 466 (22.7) | 0.308 |
| Heart failure | 362 (7.8) | 245 (67.7) | 117 (32.3) | <0.001 |
| Any cancer | 598 (12.8) | 417 (69.7) | 181 (30.3) | <0.001 |
| Hematological malignancy | 80 (1.7) | 41 (51.3) | 39 (48.7) | <0.001 |
| Metastatic cancer | 200 (4.3) | 118 (59.0) | 82 (41.0) | <0.001 |
| Dialysis-dependent renal failure | 280 (6.0) | 179 (63.9) | 101 (36.1) | 0.001 |
| Cirrhosis of the liver | 195 (4.2) | 102 (52.3) | 93 (47.7) | <0.001 |
| Immunosuppressive treatment | 354 (7.6) | 237 (66.9) | 117 (33.1) | 0.001 |
| Number of comorbidities [number of patients, (%)] | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 1,496 (32.0) | 1,203 (80.4) | 293 (19.6) | |
| 1 | 1,364 (29.2) | 1,049 (76.9) | 315 (23.1) | |
| 2 | 1,186 (25.4) | 912 (76.9) | 214(23.1) | |
| 3 | 483 (10.3) | 325 (67.3) | 158 (32.7) | |
| 4 | 125 (2.7) | 83 (66.4) | 42 (33.6) | |
| 5 | 13 (0.3) | 4 (30.8) | 9 (69.2) | |
| 6 | 2 (0.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | |
| Patients with suspected or confirmed infection on the study day | 1,195 (25.6) | 740 (61.9) | 455 (38.1) | <0.001 |
| Patients in whom infection developed during the ICU stay | 121 (2.6) | 68 (56.2) | 53 (43.8) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis and/or septic shock during ICU stay | 1,368 (29.3) | 863 (63.1) | 505 (36.9) | <0.001 |
| Septic shock during ICU stay | 590 (12.6) | 275 (46.6) | 315 (53.4) | <0.001 |
| Confirmed tropical infection | 135 (2.9) | 110 (81.5) | 25 (18.5) | 0.175 |
| Acute respiratory failure with PaO2/FiO2 ratio <300 | 2,395 (51.3) | 1,661 (69.4) | 734 (30.6) | <0.001 |
| Poisoning or overdose | 68 (1.5) | 55 (81.9) | 13 (19.1) | 0.54 |
| Severity of illness | ||||
| APACHE II score (mean ± SD) | 16.7 ± 9.8 | 14.8 ± 8.6 | 23.1 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
| SOFA score (mean ± SD) | 4.4 ± 3.6 | 3.7 ± 3.2 | 6.7 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
| No. of organ failures [median, (IQR)] | 0 [0–1] | 0 [0–1] | 1 [0–2] | <0.001 |
| ICU stay, days [median, (IQR)] N = 4,137 |
6 [3–13] | 6 [3–12] | 9 [4–17] | <0.001 |
| Hospital stay, days [median, (IQR)] N = 3,842 |
12 [7–20] | 12 [7–20] | 12 [6–21] | 0.225 |
| ICU admission to study day interval, days [median, (IQR)] | 2.0 [1–6] | 2.0 [1–5] | 3.0 [1–8] | <0.001 |
Figures represent the number of patients (percent) unless otherwise indicated; p values compare survivors vs nonsurvivors; ICU, intensive care unit; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; IQR, interquartile range