Table 8.
ICU and patient characteristics and outcomes in INDICAPS1 and INDICAPS-II
| Characteristic | INDICAPS | INDICAPS-II | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of ICUs | 120 | 132 | |
| Number of patients | 4,038 | 4,669 | |
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 54.1 ± 17.1 | 56.9 ± 17.4 | |
| Male patients (%) | 66.1 | 63.7 | |
| APACHE II score | 17.4 ± 9.2 | 16.7 ± 9.8 | |
| SOFA score (mean ± SD) | 3.8 ± 3.6 | 4.4 ± 3.6 | |
| ICU stay, days [median, (IQR)] | 6 [3–13] | 6 [3–13] | |
| Patients dying in ICU (%) | 13.5 | 15.8 | |
| Terminal discharges (%) | 4.5 | 7.6 | |
| Total ICU mortality (%) | 18.1 | 23.4 | |
| Open ICUs (%)/patients in open ICUs (%) | 74.2/78.0 | 84.8/84.4 | |
| Mixed medical-surgical ICUs (%)/patients in mixed medical-surgical ICUs (%) | 80.8/83.1 | 81.8/87.4 | |
| ICUs with >20 beds (%)/patients in ICUs with >20 beds (%) | 25.0/37.0 | 49.2/68.1 | |
| Hospitals with ≥500 beds (%)/patients in hospitals with ≥500 beds (%) | 35/46.6 | 36.4/47.5 | |
| ICUs with nurse:patient ratio <1:2 (%)/patients in ICUs with nurse:patient ratio <1:2 (%) | 30.8/45.6 | 34.1/25.8 | |
| Public hospital ICUs (%)/patients in public hospital ICUs (%) | 10.8/9.7 | 4.5/2.4 | |
| ICUs with a postgraduate teaching program in intensive care (%)/patients in ICUs with a postgraduate teaching program in intensive care (%) | 39.2/64.9 | 72.0/82.6 | |
| Adequately equipped ICUs (%)/patients in adequately equipped ICUs (%) | 67.5/87.4 | 47.0/61.1 | Criteria for adequately equipped ICUs were different between the two studies |
| Self-paying patients, (%) | 80.5 | 64.5 | |
| Medical or nonoperative patients | 77.1 | 85.5 | |
| Patients with suspected or confirmed infection on the study day (%) | 36.0 | 25.6 | |
| Sepsis and/or septic shock during ICU stay (%) | 28.3 | 29.3 | Criteria for diagnosis of sepsis were different between the two studies |
| Poisoning or overdose | 3.1 | 1.5 | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation (%) | 31.1 | 24.1 | |
| ICU mortality in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (%) | 35.6 | 44.4 | |
| Patients receiving renal replacement therapy (%) | 12.0 | 9.3 | |
| ICU mortality in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (%) | 31.5 | 41.7 | |
| Patients receiving vasopressors/inotropes (%) | 22.2 | 22.2 | |
| ICU mortality in patients receiving vasopressors/inotropes (%) | 36.1 | 44.0 | |
| Invasive blood pressure monitoring (%) | 19.5 | 25.4 | |
| Central venous catheter inserted (%) | 34.6 | 34.3 | |
| Blood lactate measured (%) | 11.3 | 31.6 |
INDICAPS, Indian intensive care unit case-mix and practice patterns study; ICU, intensive care unit; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment