Figure 3.
Phloretin reduces nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) burden and inflammation in mouse lungs. (A) Phloretin inhibits NTHi growth in mouse lungs. FVB/NJ mice (8 wks) were supplied with food pellets with or without phloretin supplementation ad libitum (0.157%, 1 wk) and exposed to NTHi (105 CFU, 24 h) intratracheally. Bacterial counts were measured in lung homogenate and BAL at 24 h. Results are the means ± SEM of 2 independent trials of 5-6 mice per condition tested within each trial (n=11-12). *Significantly different from standard diet exposed mice (P<0.05) as determined by unpaired t-test. (B) Phloretin inhibits C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) protein, a neutrophil chemoattractant, induced by NTHi in BAL fluid. CXCL1 was measured in BAL fluid with a Luminex assay. Results are means ± SEM (n=8-12). P values were assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test to compare standard diet+PBS to standard diet+NTHi treated mice and to compare standard diet to phloretin diet treated mice. *Significantly different from standard diet treated mice (P<0.05).