Table 3.
Comparison among the nanosheet-based wearable self-powered energy suppliers based on different nanosheets
| Classification of wearable self-powered energy suppliers | Nanosheet materials | Modification/functionalization/fabrication | Output voltage | Output current | Cyclic behaviors | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) | Graphene | Using electrospun nanocomposite fiber mats comprising graphene nanosheets, barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles, and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) | Peak voltage is 112V | – | Over 1,800 cycles for stretch test | Shi et al. (2018a) |
| Applied vertically oriented graphene nanosheets to grow and transfer the aligned single-crystalline GaN nanorods (NRs) | More than 8 V | 1.2 mA | – | Tsai et al. (2018) | ||
| ZnO | On a flexible Al substrate with a low growth temperature of 80°C using synthesis hydrothermal method to prepare the Zn nanosheet networks | 100 mV for a single device | – | – | Manjula et al. (2020) | |
| Two-stage preparation process of 2D ZnO nanosheets | 35 mV | 0.15 μA under the load of 1 kgf | – | Wang et al. (2018) | ||
| Doping Br into the ZnO nanosheets | 17.78 V | 8.89 μA cm−2 | – | Rafique et al. (2021) | ||
| Doping vanadium into ZnO nanosheets | 1.5V | 80 NA | Over 10,000 cycles for bend test | Zhang et al. (2018a) | ||
| Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) | Au | Au nanosheets embedded into both PDMS matrix and micropyramid-patterned PDMS | 98.9 V | – | Over 10,000 cycles in stretch test | Lim et al. (2017a) |
| MoS2 | MoS2 nanosheets were wrapped the silver nanowires (AgNWs) | 95.8V at a 30 Hz frequency | – | Over 10,000 cycles for stretch test | Lan et al. (2019) | |
| MXene | Integrating the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with MXene nanosheets | 117.7 V | – | 124,000 cycles for contact test | Jiang et al. (2019) | |
| Graphene | Based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) via graphene nanosheets incorporation in conjunction with electrospinning technology | 1511 V | 189 mA m−2 | 80,000 cycles for contact test | Shi et al. (2021) | |
| Nanosheet-based thermoelectric generators | Metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) | Chemically exfoliated | – | – | Over 100 cycles for stretch test | Oh et al. (2016) |
| Adding highly conducting single-wall carbon nanotubes | – | – | More than 10,000 cycles for stretch test | Kim et al. (2019) | ||
| Nanosheet-based solar cells | CuS | ITO (indium tin oxide)-free and Pt-free flexible quantum-dot solar cells (QDSCs) were assembled into a typical sandwich structure | – | – | 500 cycles for bending test | Xu et al. (2017) |