TABLE 2.
Mortality and secondary infection risk after COVID‐19 patients received immunosuppressants therapy
| Mortality | OR (95% CI) | P | P h | I 2% | P b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 0.71 (0.57–0.89) | 0.004 | 0.000 | 59.0 | 0.946 |
| Race | |||||
| Mix | 0.82 (0.72–0.95) | 0.006 | 0.114 | 34.5 | ‐ |
| Asian | 8.71 (1.08–10.14) | 0.042 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Caucasian | 0.51 (0.35–0.74) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 54.6 | ‐ |
| Severity | |||||
| Mix | 1.76 (0.86–3.64) | 0.124 | 0.160 | 45.4 | ‐ |
| Severe | 0.06 (0.45–0.80) | 0.001 | 0.004 | 51.9 | ‐ |
| Critical | 0.78 (0.65–0.92) | 0.003 | 0.262 | 23.9 | ‐ |
| NA | 0.88 (0.32–2.44) | 0.810 | 0.019 | 74.7 | ‐ |
| Moderate | 0.07 (0.01–0.33) | 0.001 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Dose | |||||
| 8 mg/kg | 0.76 (0.60–0.95) | 0.019 | 0.106 | 36.7 | ‐ |
| 400 mg | 0.73 (0.42–1.27) | 0.260 | 0.001 | 70.9 | ‐ |
| 400–800 mg | 0.59 (0.25–1.42) | 0.241 | 0.002 | 73.9 | ‐ |
| <400 mg | 0.62 (0.16–2.37) | 0.489 | 0.016 | 67.3 | ‐ |
| NA | 0.72 (0.60–0.87) | 0.001 | 0.695 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| Study type | |||||
| RCT | 1.11 (0.77–1.59) | 0.588 | 0.937 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| Case‐control | 0.67 (0.46–0.97) | 0.035 | 0.000 | 64.5 | ‐ |
| Multicentre case‐control | 0.63 (0.48–0.83) | 0.001 | 0.080 | 55.7 | ‐ |
| Journal | |||||
| Publish | 0.69 (0.54–0.88) | 0.003 | 0.000 | 60.4 | ‐ |
| MedRxiv | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | 0.944 | 0.980 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| Case size | |||||
| >100 | 0.73 (0.57–0.94) | 0.015 | 0.052 | 52.0 | ‐ |
| <100 | 0.69 (0.48–0.99) | 0.042 | 0.000 | 61.9 | ‐ |
| Drug | |||||
| Tocilizumab | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) | 0.013 | 0.000 | 61.5 | ‐ |
| Sarilumab | 0.40 (0.07–2.24) | 0.297 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Anakinra | 0.41 (0.19–0.85) | 0.017 | 0.251 | 27.6 | ‐ |
| Secondary infection risk | OR (95% CI) | P | P h | I 2% | P b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | 0.309 | 0.001 | 52.2 | 0.914 |
| Race | |||||
| Mix | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 0.637 | 0.038 | 46.5 | ‐ |
| Caucasian | 1.17 (0.79–1.74) | 0.439 | 0.006 | 54.5 | ‐ |
| Severity | |||||
| Mix | 0.37 (0.18–0.74) | 0.005 | 0.308 | 3.7 | ‐ |
| Severe | 1.17 (0.85–1.61) | 0.343 | 0.006 | 52.7 | ‐ |
| Critical | 1.12 (0.85–1.46) | 0.426 | 0.191 | 34.5 | ‐ |
| NA | 1.22 (0.79–1.87) | 0.372 | 0.114 | 54.0 | |
| Dose | |||||
| 8 mg/kg | 0.91 (0.59–1.38) | 0.647 | 0.001 | 65.5 | ‐ |
| 400 mg | 1.62 (1.15–2.26) | 0.005 | 0.849 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| 400–800 mg | 1.44 (1.07–1.93) | 0.017 | 0.713 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| <400 mg | 2.56 (0.19–34.51) | 0.478 | 0.008 | 79.5 | ‐ |
| NA | 0.77 (0.54–1.08) | 0.132 | 0.491 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| Study type | |||||
| RCT | 0.76 (0.57–1.01) | 0.057 | 0.157 | 39.6 | ‐ |
| Case‐control | 1.24 (0.91–1.68) | 0.168 | 0.090 | 32.5 | ‐ |
| Multicentre case‐control | 1.46 (0.87–2.45) | 0.147 | 0.003 | 78.8 | ‐ |
| Journal | |||||
| Publish | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) | 0.390 | 0.001 | 54.2 | ‐ |
| MedRxiv | 1.03 (0.72–1.47) | 0.871 | 0.197 | 40.0 | ‐ |
| Case size | |||||
| >100 | 1.12 (0.77–1.62) | 0.555 | 0.001 | 73.4 | ‐ |
| <100 | 1.14 (0.82–1.57) | 0.435 | 0.031 | 40.6 | ‐ |
| Drug | |||||
| Tocilizumab | 1.12 (0.87–1.43) | 0.376 | 0.000 | 55.8 | ‐ |
| Sarilumab | 1.20 (0.33–4.39) | 0.783 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Anakinra | 1.44 (0.47–4.43) | 0.520 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Fungal co‐infection | OR (95%CI) | P | P h | I 2% | P b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 2.02 (1.05–3.90) | 0.036 | 0.400 | 3.8 | 0.501 |
| Race | |||||
| Caucasian | 2.86 (1.03–7.90) | 0.043 | 0.144 | 48.5 | ‐ |
| Mix | 1.56 (0.65–3.71) | 0.318 | 0.690 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| Severity | |||||
| Severe | 1.89 (0.82–4.35) | 0.134 | 0.286 | 20.8 | ‐ |
| Critical | 5.76 (0.99–33.45) | 0.051 | 0.833 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| NA | 2.00 (0.18–22.54) | 0.575 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Dose | |||||
| 8 mg/kg | 1.58 (0.65–3.84) | 0.315 | 0.137 | 45.7 | ‐ |
| 400 mg | 4.23 (1.05–17.08) | 0.043 | 0.770 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| NA | 1.35 (0.29–6.18) | 0.701 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Study type | |||||
| RCT | 0.21 (0.01–4.51) | 0.321 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Case‐control | 1.91 (0.86–4.22) | 0.109 | 0.653 | 0.0 | ‐ |
| Multicentre case‐control | 6.12 (1.22–30.61) | 0.027 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Journal | |||||
| Publish | 1.78 (0.89–3.59) | 0.104 | 0.366 | 8.1 | ‐ |
| MedRxiv | 4.97 (0.56–44.15) | 0.151 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Case size | |||||
| >100 | 6.12 (1.22–30.61) | 0.027 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| <100 | 1.57 (0.75–3.26) | 0.230 | 0.548 | 0.0 | ‐ |
Notes: Mix of race, including, Asian, Caucasian, African and so on; mix of severity, symptoms of the disease include moderate, severe and critical; P h, p value of heterogeneity, p value of Q‐test for the heterogeneity test; I 2, 0–25, no heterogeneity; 25–50, modest heterogeneity; 50, high heterogeneity. Bold values indicates statistically significant results.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; NA, no appearance; OR, odds ratio; RCT, randomised controlled trial.