TABLE 1.
Overview of recent applications in AuNP‐based virus detection
| Virus/target | AuNPs | Detection or capture molecule | Assay | Detection range | Detection limit | Real sample | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS‐CoV‐2/N gene RNA | Spherical ⁓10 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | Colorimetric | 0.2–3 ng/μl | 0.18 ng/μl | Oropharyngeal swab | Moitra et al. (2020) |
| SARS‐CoV‐2/RdRp gene RNA | Film n.a. | Complementary DNA oligo | LSPR | 0.1 pM–1 μM | 0.22 pM | Synthetic DNA oligo | Qiu et al. (2020) |
| SARS‐CoV‐2/IgG, IgM | Spherical ⁓40 nm | Recombinant spike protein | LFIA colorimetric | n.a. | n.a. | Fingerstick blood, serum, plasma | Li et al. (2020) |
| H1N1/HA | Spherical ⁓26 nm | Ab | Fluorescence | 10−14–10−9 g/ml | 17.02 fg/ml | Recombinant H1N1 | Nasrin et al. (2020) |
| H1N1/HA | Spherical ⁓23 nm | Ab | LFIA immunochromato reader | 6.25 × 10−3 − 6.4 HAU/ml | 6.25 × 10−3 HAU/ml | Commercial HA | Matsumura et al. (2018) |
| H1N1 H3N2/HA | Hexagonal ⁓30 nm | Ab | Colorimetric |
5 × 10−15 − 5 × 10−6 g/ml (H1N1) 6 × 10−1 − 6 × 106 PFU/ml (H3N2) |
44.2 × 10−15 g/ml (H1N1) 2.5 PFU/ml (H3N2) |
Recombinant H1N, clinical H3N2 in human serum | Oh et al. (2018) |
| H1N1, norovirus/DNA oligo | Spherical 20–200 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | Electrochemical | 1 pM–10 nM |
8.4 pM (H1N1) 8.8 pM (norovirus) |
DNA oligo | Lee et al. (2018) |
| H1N1, H3N2/NA | Quasi‐Spherical ⁓32 nm | Ab | FRET | 10–100 pg/ml | H1N1: 0.03 pg/ml (DI water), 0.4 pg/ml (human serum), H3N2: 10 PFU/ml | Human serum | Takemura et al. (2017) |
| H3N2 AIV/HA | Spherical 10–60 nm | Ab | Colorimetric | 10–5 × 104 PFU/ml | 3.4 PFU/ml | Clinically isolated virus spiked in human serum | Ahmed et al. (2016) |
| H5N1/HA | Bipyramid n.a. | Ab | Colorimetric | 0.001–2.5 ng/ml | 1 pg/ml | HA spiked in human serum | Xu et al. (2017) |
| H5N2 AIV /HA | Spherical ⁓13 nm | mAb | Microfluidic colorimetric | 8 × 103 to ⁓8 × 106 EID50/ml |
2.7 × 104 EID50/ml (naked eye) 8 × 103 EID50/ml (smartphone) |
n.a. | Xia et al. (2019) |
| H7N9/HA | Spherical 11–41 nm | Ab | Electrochemical | 0.01–1.5 pg/ml | 7.8 fg/ml | Inactivated H7N9 spiked in ground chicken liver and serum | Wu et al. (2018) |
| H9N2 AIV/M2, HA | Spherical ⁓14 nm | Ab, Fetuin A | Electrochemical | 8–128 HAU titer | 16 HAU titer | Allantoic fluid | Sayhi et al. (2018) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical ⁓20 nm | Ab | Electrochemical | 0.5–10,000 pg/ml | 166 fg/ml (S/N = 3) | Human serum | Pei et al. (2019) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical ⁓15/30/50 nm | Ab | LSPR | 102–107 fg/ml | 100 fg/ml | HbsAg solution | Kim et al. (2018) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical ⁓15 nm | Ab | Photoelectrochemical | 0.005–30 ng/ml | 0.5 pg/ml | Human serum | Hu et al. (2018) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical 15–20 nm | Ab | Electrochemical | 0.3–1000 pg/ml | 0.19 pg/ml | HbsAg spiked in human serum | Alizadeh et al. (2017) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical 16–65 nm | Ab | Fluorescence | 10−4–1 IU/ml | 5 × 10−4 IU/ml | HbsAg spiked in PBS | Wu et al. (2017) |
| HBV/DNA oligo | Spherical ⁓15 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | LFA colorimetric | 0.1 pM–250 nM | 0.01 pM | DNA oligo spiked in human serum | Gao et al. (2017) |
| HBV/DNA | Spherical ⁓30 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | Electrochemical | 102–105.1 copies/ml | 111 copies/ml | DNA isolated from clinical samples | Chen et al. (2016) |
| HBV/DNA | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | LFA colorimetric | 134–5.35 × 108 IU/ml | 134 IU/ml | Clinical blood sample | Choi et al. (2016) |
| HBV HCV/DNA | Spherical n.a. | Complementary DNA oligo | ECL |
0.5–500 pM (HBV) 1–1000 pM (HCV) |
0.082 pM (HBV) 0.34 pM (HCV) |
DNA oligo spiked in human serum | Liu et al. (2016) |
| HCV/RNA extract | Spherical 20–41 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | LSPR | 10–1200 IU/μl | 4.57 IU/μl | Human serum | Shawky et al. (2017) |
| HEV/virus | Spherical ⁓14 nm | Ab | Colorimetric | 8.75 × 10−8–10−11 g/ml | 4.3 × 10−12 g/ml | Monkey feces | Khoris et al. (2020) |
| Zika/NS1 | Spherical ⁓102 nm | Ab | SERS | 10 ng/ml–50 μg/ml | 12.5 ng/ml | Recombinant NS1 in PBS | Camacho et al. (2018) |
| Zika/DNA | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | Electrochemical | 10−12–10−6 M | 0.82 pM | Human serum | Steinmetz et al. (2019) |
| Zika/RNA | Spherical 2.7–4.4 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | FRET | 6.73–6730 copies/ml | 1.7 copies/ml | Culture supernatant total RNA isolation | Adegoke et al. (2017) |
| Norovirus/NoV GII | Spherical ⁓12 nm | Ab | Colorimetric | 102–106 copies RNA/ml fecal solution | 13.2 copies/ml fecal solution | Feces | Khoris et al. (2019) |
| Norovirus/virus | Spherical ⁓20 nm | Aptamer | Colorimetric | 200–33,000 copies/ml | 30 copies/ml | Cultured virus | Weerathunge and Ramanathan (2019) |
| Norovirus/virus | Spherical ⁓11 nm | Ab | FRET | 102–105 copies/ml | 95 copies/ml | Feces | Nasrin et al. (2018) |
| Norovirus/capsid protein | Spherical ⁓16 nm | DNA aptamer | Microfluidic electrochemical | 100 pM–3.5 nM | 100 pM | rVLP spiked in peptidoglycan solution or whole bovine blood | Chand and Neethirajan (2017) |
| Norovirus/NoV‐LP | Spherical 10–500 nm | Ab | Colorimetric | 100 pg/ml–10 μg/ml | 92.7 pg/ml | NoV‐LP spiked in human serum | Ahmed et al. (2017) |
| Norovirus/flavivirus group antigen | Spherical ⁓200 nm | Ab | Electrochemical | 0.01 pg/ml–1 ng/ml | 1.16 pg/ml | NoV‐LPs | Lee et al. (2017) |
| HIV‐1/pol gene oligo | Spherical ⁓75 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | Electrochemical | 10−16–10−7 M | 3.7 × 10−17 M | DNA oligo | Shamsipur et al. (2019) |
| HIV/DNA oligo | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | PCR‐DLS | 10 aM – 1.9 pM | 1.8 aM | DNA oligo spiked in human serum | Zou and Ling (2018) |
| HIV/DNA oligo | Spherical ⁓28 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | RCA fluorescence | 5 fM–1.67 pM | 1.46 fM | DNA oligo spiked in bovine serum | Zheng et al. (2018) |
| HIV/p24 protein | Cluster ⁓2 nm | Ab | Fluorescence | 5–1000 pg/ml | 5 pg/ml | Protein spiked in buffer or human serum | Kurdekar et al. (2018) |
| HIV‐1/DNA oligo | Spherical ⁓40 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | LFA SERS | 0–64 ng/ml | 0.24 pg/ml | DNA oligo in buffer | Fu et al. (2016) |
| EV71/VP2 | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Ab | LDI‐MS | 103–105 PFU/ml | 103 PFU/ml | Clinical human serum | Chu et al. (2019) |
| EV71/virion | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Ab | Fluorescence | 1.67 × 103–2.505 × 105 copies/ml | 1.4 copies/μl | Clinically isolated | Xiong et al. (2018) |
| EV71/VP1 | Spherical ⁓27 nm | Ab | Colorimetric | 0.25–10,000 ng/ml | 0.65 ng/ml | Human throat and cloacal swabs | Xiong et al. (2017) |
| Ebola/oligo | Spherical n.a. | Complementary DNA oligo | LRET | 50–700 fM | 300 fM | Clinically isolated RNA | Tsang et al. (2016) |
| Ebola/IgG | Spherical ⁓20/40 nm | Anti‐human IgG Ab rGP1–649 VP40 NP | LFIA smart phone reader | 20 ng/ml–20 μg/ml | 200 ng/ml | Sera | Brangel et al. (2018) |
| Ebola virus/glycoprotein | Spherical ⁓20 nm | Ab | LFIA fluorescence colorimetric | 2–1000 ng/ml | 0.18 ng/ml | Glycoprotein or whole virion spiked in buffer, tap water, urine, and plasma | Hu et al. (2017) |
| Dengue/ | Spherical ⁓78 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | Electrochemical fluorescence | 10−14–10−6 M | 9.4 fM | DNA oligo spiked in PBS buffer | Dutta Chowdhury and Ganganboina (2018) |
| Dengue/NS1 | Spherical ⁓40 nm | Ab | Electrochemical | 1–25 ng/ml | 0.5 ng/ml | NS1 spiked in PBS | Sinawang et al. (2016) |
| HPV 16/L1 protein | Spherical ⁓5/20/40 nm | Aptamer | LDI‐MS | 2–80 ng/ml | 58.8 pg/ml | Clinical sample, HPV vaccine | Zhu et al. (2019) |
| IPNV/virus | Spherical ⁓5 nm | Ab | Fluorescence LFIA colorimetric | 8–8 × 104 TCID50/ml |
1.02 TCID50/ml (fluorescence) 0.88 TCID50/ml (LFIA) |
Recombinant virus | Chayan et al. (2019) |
| NDV–AV29/virus | Spherical ⁓80 nm | Ab | LSPR | 5–5000 pg/ml | ~25 pg/ml with a minimum detectable volume of 200 μl or 5 pg | Allantoic fluid | Luo et al. (2018) |
| Coxsackie B3/oligo | Spherical ⁓16 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | Electrochemical | 0.01–20 μM | 0.18 nM | DNA oligo | Nagar et al. (2019) |
| FAdV‐9/virus | Nanobundle ⁓700 nm (length) ⁓10 (diameter) | Ab | optoelectronic | 10–104 PFU/ml (buffer), 50–104 PFU/ml (chicken blood) | 8.75 PFU/ml (buffer), 37.15 PFU/ml (chicken blood) | PBS buffer, chicken blood | Ahmed et al. (2018) |
| SFTSV/nucleocapsid protein | Spherical ⁓20 nm | Ab | LFIA colorimetric | 0.1–2000 ng/ml | 1 ng/ml | Human serum | Zuo et al. (2018) |
| Rubella virus/IgM | Rod ⁓60 × 16 nm | Rubella antigen | Colorimetric | 10–107 ng/ml | 10 ng/ml | Clinical serum samples | Zhang et al. (2018) |
Abbreviations: AIV, avian influenza virus; ECL, electrochemiluminescence; EV71, Enterovirus 71; FAdV‐9, Fowl adenovirus‐9; FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer; HA, hemagglutinin; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HEV, hepatitis E virus; HIV‐1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; HPV, human papillomavirus; IPNV, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus; LDI‐MS, laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry; LFA, lateral‐flow assay; LFIA, lateral‐flow immunochromatographic assay; LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; M2, Matrix protein 2; n.a., not available; NA, neuraminidase; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; NoV‐LP, norovirus‐like particle; NP, nucleoprotein; RCA, rolling circle amplification; rGP, recombinant glycoprotein; rVLP, recombinant virus‐like particle; SERS, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering; SFTSV, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus; VP40, matrix protein.