TABLE 1.
General information of eligible studies included in this meta‐analysis
| Author | Country | Study design | Male (%) | Age a | Sample size | TB (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hung IF | China | Randomised controlled trial | 53.5 | 48.27 | 127 | 2 (1.6%) |
| Pande D | India | NR | 48.1 | 50 | 27 | 1 (3.7%) |
| Du RH | China | NR | 54.2 | 57.6 ± 13.7 | 179 | 8 (4.5%) |
| Hu Y | China | Retrospective study | 47.1 | 53 (42‐62) | 308 | 14 (4.5%) |
| Mo P | China | Retrospective study | 55.5 | 54 (42‐66) | 155 | 3 (1.9%) |
| Zeng JH | China | Retrospective study | 47.6 | 46.58 | 416 | 8 (1.9%) |
| Sy KTL | Philippines | Cohort study | NR | NR | 12 513 | 113 (0.9%) |
| Joeng HE | Korea | Cohort study | 41.1 | 48.5 | 1824 | 7 (0.4%) |
| He G | China | Case series | NR | NR | 139 | 3 (2.2%) |
| Li X | China | Ambispective study | 50.9 | 60 (48‐69) | 548 | 9 (1.6%) |
| Durrani M | Pakistan | Retrospective study | 80 | 44 | 30 | 1 (3.3%) |
| Pachiega J | Brazil | NR | NR | NR | 14 737 | 4 (0.03%) |
| Souza CDF | Brazil | Observational study | 46.7 | NR | 197 | 1 (0.5%) |
| Panthee B | Nepal | NR | 72.1 | 49.7 ± 19.2 | 79 | 5 (10.4%) |
| Chen T | China | Case series | 53.2 | 54 (20‐91) | 203 | 4 (2.0%) |
| Zhang JJ | China | Retrospective study | 50.7 | 57 (25‐87) | 140 | 2 (1.4%) |
| Lee C | Korea | Retrospective study | 50 | 52.0 (37.5‐55.5) | 10 | 0 (0%) |
| Asghar MS | Pakistan | Retrospective study | 69 | 52.58 ± 15.68 | 100 | 1 (1%) |
| Pierrotti LC | Brazil | Retrospective study | 49 | 51.9 (17‐78) | 51 | 2 (3.9%) |
| Song J | China | Retrospective study | 52 | 63 (49‐70) | 961 | 20 (2.1%) |
| Borba MGS | Brazil | Randomised controlled trial | NR | NR | 55 | 2 (3.6%) |
| Lee JY | Korea | Retrospective study | 30.5 | 55.91 | 694 | 2 (0.3%) |
| Miciel EL | Brazil | Cross‐sectional study | NR | NR | 416 | 1 (0.2%) |
| Tian J | China | Retrospective study | 48.1 | 48.49 ± 14.36 | 721 | 3 (0.4%) |
| Kamal AF | Indonesia | Ambispective study | 42.9 | 32.89 ± 17.42 | 35 | 2 (5.7%) |
| Hong D | China | Retrospective study | 54.2 | 46.7 ± 17.7 | 168 | 8 (4.8%) |
| JeroniMo CMP | Brazil | Randomised controlled trial | NR | NR | 362 | 8 (2.2%) |
| Yan N | China | Retrospective study | 48.9 | 50 (39‐58) | 1682 | 3 (0.2%) |
| Panda S | India | Prospective study | 70.7 | 34.96 ± 13.4 | 225 | 1 (0.4%) |
| Wu Q | China | Retrospective study | 47.8 | 48.78 | 492 | 4 (0.8%) |
| Zhang J | China | Retrospective study | 48.3 | 60.0 (49.0‐69.0) | 901 | 13 (1.4%) |
| Liu J | China | Retrospective study | 53.4 | 57 (47‐67) | 1190 | 15 (1.3%) |
| Yu HH | China | Retrospective study | 50 | 62 (50‐70) | 1561 | 20 (1.3%) |
| Boulle A | South Africa | Cohort study | 31.6 | NR | 22 308 | 2128 (9.5%) |
| Yang C | China | Retrospective study | 61.5 | 44 (33‐55) | 104 | 2 (1.9%) |
| Barry M | Saudi Arabia | Case series | NR | NR | 99 | 10 (10.1%) |
| Nachega JB | Congo | Cohort study | 65.6 | 46 (34‐58) | 766 | 19 (2.5%) |
| AI Kuwari HM | Qatar | Case series | 88.9 | 35.8 ± 1.2 | 5685 | 13 (0.2%) |
| Ibrahim OR | Nigeria | Retrospective study | 86.7 | 43 ± 16.0 | 45 | 2 (4.4%) |
| Gupta N | India | Retrospective study | NR | NR | 1073 | 22 (2.1%) |
| Agarwal N | India | Observational study | 83.2 | 47.6 ± 15.9 | 95 | 2 (2.1%) |
| Dai M | China | Retrospective study | 59 | 51 ± 13 | 73 | 3 (4%) |
| Jin M | China | Retrospective study | 33.9 | 57.52 ± 14.71 | 121 | 1 (0.8%) |
| Zhang X | China | NR | 56.4 | 46.5 | 78 | 7 (9.0%) |
| Parker A | South Africa | Observational study | 38.9 | 48.5 | 113 | 13 (11.5%) |
| Luo Y | China | Retrospective study | 52.6 | 62 | 78 | 2 (2.56%) |
| Zhu J | China | Retrospective study | 54 | 45.04 ± 46.50 | 50 | 3 (6%) |
| Tahtasakal CA | Turkey | Retrospective study | 56.4 | 59 (19‐97) | 534 | 2 (0.4%) |
| Dev N | India | Retrospective study | 58 | 36 ± 13 | 55 | 0 (0%) |
| Li S | China | Retrospective study | 50.6 | 61.9 (49.7‐69.5) | 2924 | 52 (1.8%) |
| Sun C | China | Retrospective study | 46 | 45 (31‐56) | 129 | 1 (0.8%) |
| Feehan AK | USA | Cross‐sectional study | NR | NR | 311 | 0 (0%) |
| Porto LC | Brazil | Retrospective study | NR | 40.5 (34‐49) | 410 | 0 (0%) |
| Wang W | China | Retrospective study | 61.2 | 44 (33‐50) | 147 | 3 (2.1%) |
| Thiabaud A | Switzerland | Retrospective study | 59.5 | 68 (54‐79) | 3645 | 22 (0.9%) |
| Jeyaraman P | India | Retrospective study | 69.7 | 60 (18‐80) | 33 | 1 (3.0%) |
| Li C | China | Randomised controlled trial | 46.8 | 54.0 (39.8‐63.3) | 94 | 3 (3.2%) |
| Anaya JM | Colombia | Retrospective study | 70.8 | 57.5 (51.8‐66.3) | 120 | 0 (0%) |
| Yan B | China | Retrospective study | 53.7 | 59.5 (14‐86) | 190 | 1 (0.5%) |
| Patler C | USA | Cross‐sectional Study | 91.9 | 37.4 (18.6‐68.9) | 529 | 19 (3.6%) |
| Zheng B | China | Retrospective study | 40.4 | 49.5 | 198 | 1 (0.5%) |
| Fisman DN | Canada | Cohort study | 43 | 55 | 21 922 | 52 (0.2%) |
| Lee SG | Korea | Retrospective study | 40.1 | 47.1 ± 19.0 | 7339 | 28 (0.4%) |
| Lu Y | China | Retrospective study | 65 | 59 (54‐63) | 77 | 1 (1.3%) |
| Bepouka BI | Congo | Retrospective study | 67.4 | 49.6 ± 16.5 | 141 | 1 (0.7%) |
| Zhou S | China | Retrospective study | 56 | 56.0 (45.3‐64.8) | 62 | 0 (0%) |
| Yitao Z | China | Retrospective study | 54 | 46 ± 17 | 257 | 3 (1.2%) |
| Li G | Multi‐country | NR | 54 | 66 (58‐74) | 399 | 6 (1.5%) |
| Zhang W | China | Retrospective study | 53.6 | 40.6 | 500 | 3 (0.6%) |
| Abraha HE | Ethiopia | Retrospective study | 63.3 | 29 (24‐38) | 2617 | 8 (0.3%) |
| Kumar S | India | Retrospective study | 87.1 | 64.5 (53.7‐70) | 31 | 0 (0%) |
| Sun J | China | Prospective clinical trial | 61.29 | 60.39 ± 10.20 | 31 | 1 (3.23%) |
| Hafiz M | Indonesia | Case series | 62.8 | 55.9 ± 15.7 | 42 | 5 (11.9%) |
| Riou C | South Africa | Cohort study | 57.9 | 52 (43‐57) | 95 | 15 (15.8) |
| Meng M | China | Retrospective study | 58.8 | 62.63 ± 13.49 | 415 | 8 (1.9%) |
| RECOVERY Collaborative Group | UK | Randomised controlled trial | 64.3 | 63.5 | 11 558 | 46 (0.4%) |
| African COVID‐19 Critical Care Outcomes Study (ACCCOS) Investigators | Ten African countries | Prospective study | 60.6 | 56 ± 16.11 | 3140 | 51 (1.7%) |
| Sahin B | Turkey | Prospective study | 55.2 | 63.2 ± 13.8 | 58 | 10 (18.2%) |
| Marimuthu Y | India | Longitudinal study | 56.6 | 45.3 ± 17.2 | 854 | 10 (1.2%) |
| Venturas J | South Africa | Retrospective study | 53 | 50 (39‐60) | 384 | 14 (4%) |
| Tsuchihashi Y | Japan | Retrospective study | 55 | 60 | 516 | 1 (0.3%) |
| Kridin K | Israel | Case–control study | 47.4 | 46.0 ± 19.3 | 6151 | 9 (0.29%) |
| Chanda D | Zambia | Retrospective study | 57.3 | 48.2 | 443 | 21 (4.74%) |
| Xu J | China | Retrospective study | 45.9 | 46.5 (34.3‐62.0) | 98 | 2 (2%) |
| Zhang Q | China | Retrospective study | 51.6 | 51.49 ± 17.39 | 157 | 1 (0.6%) |
| Dilogo IH | Indonesia | Randomised controlled trial | 75 | NR | 40 | 2 (5%) |
| Pakdel F | Iran | Cross‐sectional study | 66 | 52 | 15 | 1 (6.7%) |
| Agrupis KA | Philippines | Retrospective study | 55.8 | 48 ± 17 | 500 | 41 (8.2%) |
| Prasetya IB | Indonesia | Retrospective study | 62 | 43 (32‐54) | 391 | 4 (1.2%) |
| Dave JA | South Africa | Retrospective study | 38.3 | 40.0 (30.0‐52.0) | 64 476 | 4736 (7.3%) |
| Zhou K | China | Retrospective study | 53.5 | 47 | 144 | 4 (2.8%) |
| Meenakumari R | India | Retrospective study | 76.9 | 39.53 ± 13.4 | 204 | 1 (0.5%) |
| Sharif N | Bangladesh | Retrospective study | 65.8 | 39.8 ± 12.6 | 966 | 9 (0.9%) |
| Giubelan LI | Romania | Retrospective study | NR | NR | 100 | 1 (1%) |
| Ali MR | Bangladesh | Cross‐sectional study | 60.12 | 35 ± 14.90 | 326 | 27 (8.28%) |
| Kumar G | India | Prospective study | 64.8 | 50 | 18 961 | 138 (0.7%) |
| Aggarwal R | India | Retrospective study | 65.9 | 56 (41.5‐65) | 247 | 21 (8.5%) |
| Kirenga B | Uganda | Randomised clinical trial | 71.3 | 50 (38.5‐62.0) | 136 | 4 (2.9%) |
| Sang L | China | Retrospective study | 67.4 | 62.7 ± 13.3 | 190 | 1 (0.5%) |
| Bakamutumaho B | Uganda | Prospective study | NR | NR | 11 | 0 (0%) |
| Suryananda TD | Indonesia | Prospective study | 61.3 | 48.04 ± 11.66 | 75 | 5 (6.7%) |
| Fleitas PE | Argentina | Cross‐sectional study | 49.7 | 37 (26‐51) | 7968 | 84 (1.1%) |
| Ren P | China | Retrospective study | 62.3 | 57 (48‐66) | 80 | 1 (1.25%) |
| Badr OI | Saudi Arabia | Retrospective study | 69.8 | 52.8 | 159 | 2 (1.26%) |
| Lee SW | Korea | Cohort study | 37.3 | NR | 3882 | 51 (1.31%) |
| Maximiano Sousa F | Switzerland | Prospective study | 59.5 | 68 (55‐80) | 3590 | 21 (0.58%) |
| Sandoval M | USA | Retrospective study | 38 | 24 (21‐27) | 1853 | 1 (0.05%) |
| Munblit D | Russia | Cohort study | 48.9 | 56 (46‐66) | 2649 | 2 (0.08%) |
| Jassat W | South Africa | Cohort study | 45.5 | NR | 151 779 | 5173 (3.41%) |
| Bushman D | USA | Case–control study | 65.5 | 56 (23‐64) | 1029 | 1 (0.1%) |
| Wang J | China | Retrospective study | 59.2 | 57.0 (43.0‐66.0) | 436 | 6 (1.38%) |
| Wolday D | Ethiopia | Prospective study | 63.9 | 37 (28‐50) | 751 | 1 (0.13%) |
| El‐Battrawy I | Italy‐Spain‐Germany | NR | 58.6 | NR | 5810 | 15 (0.26%) |
| Arenas Jimenez MD | Spain | Retrospective study | 70.8 | 72.4 ± 12.6 | 288 | 5 (1.7%) |
Abbreviations: NR, Not clearly reported; TB, tuberculosis; UK, United Kingdom; USA, the United States of America.
a
Indicates age (years) was presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range, IQR).