TABLE 4.

Gender differences in objective sleep measures

Sleep schedules	Gender	m ± SD	Student's t	p	Effect size	95%CI−	95%CI+
Bedtime (hr:min)	M	01:00 ± 1:45	2.76	0.007	0.728	0.15	1.37
	F	00:04 ± 1:17
Wake time (hr:min)	M	08:38 ± 1:22	0.577	0.565	0.128	−0.25	0.46
	F	08:28 ± 1:22
Rise time (hr:min)	M	08:78 ± 1:21	0.596	0.553	0.132	−0.24	0.45
	F	08:60 ± 1:19
Sleep midpoint (hr:min)	M	04:53 ± 1:28	1.945	0.055	0.430	−0.00	1.09
	F	04:19 ± 1:10

Sleep architecture	Gender	m ± SD	Mann–Whitney's U	p	Effect size
TIB (hr)	M	7.46 ± 1.05	500	0.002	0.404
	F	8.34 ± 1.07
SPT (hr)	M	7.30 ± 1.12	531	0.004	0.368
	F	8.17 ± 1.09
TST (hr)	M	6.53 ± 1.15	444	<0.001	0.472
	F	7.52 ± 1.06
SOL (min)	M	7.34 ± 2.47	808	0.769	0.038
	F	8.30 ± 4.45
SE (TST/TIB%)	M	88.00 ± 10.13	600	0.026	0.285
	F	91.88 ± 4.15
WASO (min)	M	37.51 ± 28.20	631	0.053	0.248
	F	25.11 ± 18.61
WASO (%)	M	9.41 ± 7.01	572	0.013	0.313
	F	4.92 ± 3.52

Sleep fragmentation	Gender	m ± SD	Mann–Whitney's U	p	Effect size
Number of awakenings ≥ 1 min	M	13.50 ± 6.68	748	0.393	0.110
	F	11.85 ± 5.42
Mean duration of awakenings ≥ 1 min (min)	M	4.41 ± 3.48	745	0.383	0.113
	F	3.75 ± 1.54
Frequency of awakenings ≥ 1 min/TSThr	M	2.03 ± 1.07	615	0.037	0.267
	F	1.51 ± 0.70
Number of long awakenings (≥ 5 min)	M	3.39 ± 1.62	622	0.042	0.259
	F	2.66 ± 1.33
Duration of longest awakening (min)	M	16.52 ± 10.80	808	0.770	0.038
	F	14.57 ± 7.21
Frequency of long awakenings (≥ 5 min)/TSThr	M	0.56 ± 0.55	546	0.006	0.350
	F	0.34 ± 0.18

Significant differences are in bold.

SE, sleep efficiency; SOL, sleep‐onset latency; SPT, sleep period time; TIB, time in bed; TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset.