TABLE 2.

Psychological manifestations of pet owners versus individuals without pets

	Pet owners (n = 181) mean ± SD	Individuals without pet (n = 575) mean ± SD	p value b
Insomnia a	0.84 ± 0.701	0.65 ± 0.647	0.001***
Excessive sleep a	0.93 ± 0.691	0.75 ± 0.706	0.004**
Anxiety a	0.94 ± 0.651	0.92 ± 0.608	0.667
Depression a	0.84 ± 0.643	0.75 ± 0.637	0.111
Fatigue a	0.94 ± 0.660	0.89 ± 0.663	0.422
Lack enthusiasm a	1.03 ± 0.678	0.83 ± 0.647	0.001***
Inattention a	0.82 ± 0.761	0.74 ± 0.713	0.202
Uncertainty of infection a	0.61 ± 0.646	0.53 ± 0.662	0.168
Worried about infection a	0.93 ± 0.564	0.84 ± 0.533	0.042*

^a Each item of psychological manifestation was assigned a score according different degree.

^b Student's t test was performed to compare the grouped differences of categorical variables.

^* p < 0.05.

^** p < 0.01.

^*** p < 0.001.