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. 2022 Dec 21;20(2):434–448. doi: 10.1111/jth.15575

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

SARS‐CoV‐2 activates platelets via CD147. Human platelets surface expression of ACE2 and CD147 at rest or after challenge with TRAP‐6 or a SARS‐CoV‐2 clinical isolate (SARS‐CoV‐2). Histograms represent the % of platelets resting or stimulated with TRAP‐6 or with SARS‐CoV‐2 expressing ACE2 or CD147 (mean ± SD) (A). ATP aggregation and release from dense granules monitored by lumi‐aggregometry in platelet‐rich plasma after challenge with TRAP‐6, Spike S1 Val16‐Glu690, or Arg319‐Phe541 recombinant proteins in the presence of an irrelevant mAbs (no inhibitors), of anti‐CD147 or of anti‐ACE2 Abs. Representative traces and quantification of maximal aggregation and ATP release are reported (B). Activation of platelets, as reflected by platelet HMGB1 expression, the concentration of released HMGB1+ plt‐EVs, the VWF platelet content, the P‐selectin expression and by the concentration of released soluble P‐selectin were assessed after challenge with SARS‐CoV‐2 614D pseudoviral particles (PP), SARS‐CoV‐2 614G PP, Spike S1 Val16‐Glu690, or Spike S1 Arg319‐Phe541 recombinant proteins for 1 hr in the presence of irrelevant Abs (irr ab), of anti‐CD147 or anti‐ACE2 Abs. #p< 0.001, significantly different from platelets stimulated in the presence of irrelevant Abs or of anti‐ACE2 Abs, determined by Kruskal‐Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test.