TABLE 3.
Effect sizes for comparisons of means in Clinical and Non‐clinical groups (N = 159)
| Clinical vs Non‐clinical Group | Clinical Group at Times 1, 2 and 3 | Non‐clinical Group at Times 1, 2 and 3 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical vs Non‐clinical Gp at Time 1 | Clinical vs Non‐clinical Gp at Time 2 | Clinical vs Non‐clinical Gp at Time 3 | Clinical Gp Time 1 vs Time 2 | Clinical Gp Time 1 vs Time 3 | Clinical Gp Time 2 vs Time 3 | Non‐clinical Gp Time 1 vs Time 2 | Non‐clinical Gp Time 1 vs Time 3 | Non‐clinical Gp Time 2 vs Time 3 | ||
| Child behaviour | ||||||||||
| SDQ total difficulties | d | 2.54 | 1.78 | 1.62 | 0.24 | 0.50 | 0.24 | −0.32 | −0.19 | 0.11 |
| 95% CI | 2.10, 2.99 | 1.38, 2.18 | 1.23, 2.01 | −0.02, 0.50 | 0.24, 0.76 | −0.01, 0.50 | −0.74, 0.10 | −0.61, 0.23 | −0.31, 0.53 | |
| Parental sources of stress | ||||||||||
| PSS parenting stress | d | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.89 | −0.01 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.08 |
| 95% CI | 0.57, 1.29 | 0.58, 1.31 | 0.53, 1.25 | −0.27, 0.24 | −0.12, 0.41 | −0.09, 0.42 | −0.35, 0.49 | −0.27, 0.57 | −0.34, 0.50 | |
| ECQ parenting stress | d | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.40 | −0.20 | 0.23 | 0.44 | −0.30 | 0.11 | 0.43 |
| 95% CI | 0.16, 0.86 | 0.12, 0.82 | 0.05, 0.75 | −0.46, 0.06 | −0.03, 0.49 | 0.18, 0.70 | −0.72, 0.12 | −0.31, 0.53 | 0.01, 0.85 | |
| ECQ family stress | d | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.42 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.20 |
| 95% CI | 0.15, 0.86 | −0.06, 0.64 | 0.03, 0.73 | 0.02, 0.54 | 0.15, 0.68 | −0.13, 0.39 | −0.37, 0.46 | −0.18, 0.66 | −0.22, 0.62 | |
| Parental stress responses | ||||||||||
| IES‐R total | d | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.02 | −0.11 | −0.13 | 0.10 | 0.05 | −0.05 |
| 95% CI | −0.05, 0.65 | 0.01, 0.71 | 0.13, 0.83 | −0.24, 0.28 | −0.37, 0.15 | −0.39, 0.13 | −0.32, 0.51 | −0.37, 0.46 | −0.47, 0.37 | |
| Parental well‐being | ||||||||||
| WHO‐5 well‐being | d | −0.50 | −0.34 | −0.55 | −0.07 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.01 | −0.09 |
| 95% CI | −0.85, −0.15 | −0.69, 0.01 | −0.91, −0.20 | −0.33 0.19 | −0.25, 0.26 | −0.17, 0.34 | −0.32, 0.52 | −0.40, 0.43 | −0.51, 0.33 | |
| ECQ gratitude | d | −0.16 | −0.12 | −0.33 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.07 | −0.11 |
| 95% CI | −0.51, 0.19 | −0.47, 0.22 | −0.68, 0.02 | −0.13, 0.39 | −0.05, 0.47 | −0.19, 0.33 | −0.23, 0.60 | −0.35, 0.48 | −0.53, 0.30 | |
| Parental coping | ||||||||||
| Brief COPE avoidant coping | d | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.49 | 0.03 | −0.25 | −0.29 | −0.25 | −0.16 | 0.09 |
| 95% CI | 0.04, 0.74 | −0.23, 0.46 | 0.14, 0.85 | −0.23, 0.28 | −0.51, 0.01 | −0.55, −0.03 | −0.66, 0.17 | −0.58, 0.26 | −0.32, 0.51 | |
| Brief COPE approach coping | d | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.58 | 0.40 |
| 95% CI | −0.25, 0.45 | −0.13, 0.57 | 0.06, 0.76 | −0.12, 0.40 | 0.08, 0.60 | −0.06, 0.45 | −0.18, 0.66 | 0.16, 1.01 | −0.03, 0.82 | |
Abbreviations: CI, Confidence interval; d, effect size; ECQ, Effects of COVID‐19 Questionnaire; IES‐R, Impact of Event Scale—Revised; PSS, Parenting stress scale; SDQ, Strengths and difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ, Strengths and difficulties Questionnaire; Gp, Group; WHO‐5, World Health Organization Well‐Being Index.