TABLE 2.

Associations of loneliness with mental and physical health problems, functioning and pharmacotherapy in logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and diagnosis

	Full sample (n = 1991)	Pre‐COVID period (n = 1455) (18/02/2019–07/07/2019)	Lockdown period (n = 536) (16/03/2020–05/07/2020)
HoNOS symptoms/disorders
Agitated behaviour	1.33 (0.81–1.59)	1.09 (0.73–1.63)	1.15 (0.63–2.11)
Non‐accidental self‐injury	1.86 (1.10–3.15)	1.44 (0.71–2.92)	2.52 (1.14–5.56)
Problem‐drinking or drug taking	1.55 (0.91–2.63)	1.14 (0.56–2.29)	2.33 (1.05–5.14)
Cognitive problems	0.86 (0.63–1.16)	0.86 (0.60–1.22)	0.82 (0.44–1.53)
Depressed mood	1.73 (1.28–2.34)	1.87 (1.30–2.68)	1.42 (0.82–2.46)
Psychotic symptoms	1.65 (1.18–2.32)	1.56 (1.03–2.37)	1.76 (0.97–3.19)
Physical illness or disability	0.94 (0.72–1.23)	1.04 (0.76–1.43)	0.73 (0.44–1.23)
HoNOS functional problems
Activities of daily living	1.00 (0.77–1.29)	1.02 (0.75–1.39)	0.93 (0.57–1.49)
Living conditions	1.42 (1.00–1.99)	1.42 (0.93–2.16)	1.36 (0.77–2.41)
Daytime activities	1.36 (1.04–1.76)	1.42 (1.04–1.94)	1.20 (0.73–1.97)
Social relationships	1.49 (1.08–2.05)	1.49 (1.01–2.19)	1.45 (0.84–2.50)
Pharmacotherapy
Antipsychotic	1.28 (0.97–1.69)	1.22 (0.85–1.75)	1.28 (0.81–2.03)
Antidepressant	2.11 (1.63–2.73)	2.10 (1.54–2.86)	2.10 (1.32–3.36)
Mood stabiliser	0.87 (0.52–1.44)	0.85 (0.44–1.64)	0.86 (0.39–1.89)

Note: Bold indicates p < 0.05; HoNOS, Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (a score of 2–4 indicates a problem).