Table 2.
Study Variables, Measures, and Reliability.
| Variable | Measure | Reliability |
|---|---|---|
| Health status indications (distal outcomes) | ||
| Blood pressure (BP) | Omron 907XL9,17 | |
| Quality of life/well-being | Positive affect and well-being-short form 15a 18 | 0.95 |
| Depression symptoms | Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS-29) 18 | 0.98 |
| Anxiety | PROMIS-2918 | 0.98 |
| Self-management behaviors (proximal outcomes) | ||
| Systolic/diastolic home BP | Home blood pressure monitoring, Omron series 10 | |
| Medication adherence | K-Wood-medication adherence scale (MAS-4) 19 | 0.66-0.76 |
| Diet | 24-h Standardized dietary recall Bialostosky et al 26 | |
| Physical activity | Actigraph 22 | 0.80 |
| Self-management cognitive process | ||
| Patient activation | Patient activation measure 24 | 0.87 |
| Self-efficacy | Self-efficacy for chronic disease management (PROMIS) 25 | 0.91 |
| Demographics and covariates | ||
| Demographics | Age, gender, marital status, income, education level, comorbidities, and body mass index (BMI), hypertension characteristics | |
| Hypertension knowledge | Hypertension knowledge-level scale (HK-LS) 19 | 0.82 |
| Positive emotion | Positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) short form 28 | 0.87 |
| Technology utilization | Usefulness, satisfaction, and ease of use (USE) questionnaire,20,21 | |