Table 4.
Summary of Differences Between Groups Using Technology-Based Intervention for Hypertension Self-Management.
| Variables | Times | Comparison group (n = 8) | Experimental group (n = 10) | U | Z | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | Mean ranking | M (SD) | Mean ranking | |||||
| Health status indictors | ||||||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | Baseline | 148.13 (36.96) | 10.25 | 142.90 (15.83) | 8.90 | 34.00 | −0.534 | .594 |
| 12 weeks | 121.25 (29.27) | 5.00 | 139.44 (13.93) | 7.89 | 10.00 | −1.236 | .216 | |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | Baseline | 94.50 (19.61) | 11.63 | 77.20 (16.20) | 7.80 | 23.00 | −1.514 | .130 |
| 12 weeks | 76.75 (15.39) | 7.25 | 76.77 (14.88) | 6.89 | 17.00 | −0.155 | .877 | |
| Positive affect/well-being QOL | Baseline | 35.75 (5.60) | 7.69 | 39.00 (2.53) | 10.95 | 54.50 | 1.297 | .195 |
| 12 weeks | 32.60 (8.53) | 5.30 | 39.80 (3.88) | 9.35 | 38.50 | 1.658 | .097* | |
| Self-management cognitive process and behaviors | ||||||||
| Self-efficacy | Baseline | 7.38 (1.74) | 7.44 | 8.38 (1.61) | 11.15 | 56.50 | −1.474 | .141 |
| 12 weeks | 10.00 (7.60) | 5.80 | 8.82 (1.91) | 9.10 | 36.00 | −1.372 | .170 | |
| Patient activation | Baseline | 62.20 (15.66) | 8.13 | 71.10 (17.82) | 10.60 | 51.00 | −0.981 | .327 |
| 12 weeks | 69.34 (13.40) | 6.70 | 75.54 (19.83) | 8.65 | 31.50 | −0.803 | .422 | |
| Medication adherence | Baseline | 1.00 (0.89) | 8.17 | 1.20 (1.14) | 8.70 | 32.00 | 0.227 | .820 |
| 12 weeks | 0.40 (0.89) | 5.90 | 1.30 (1.25) | 9.05 | 35.50 | 1.411 | .158 | |
| Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (min/day) | Baseline | 18.67 (14.67) | 9.00 | 13.57 (17.25) | 7.13 | 21.00 | −0.810 | .418 |
| 12 weeks | 35.07 (36.66) | 7.50 | 15.81 (16.50) | 5.00 | 4.00 | −1.044 | .296 | |
| Systolic, home BP monitoring, mmHg | Baseline | 132.73 (14.38) | 5.25 | 141.24 (13.34) | 7.13 | 21.00 | 0.849 | .396 |
| 12 weeks | 141.56 (23.88) | 7.25 | 135.22 (17.70) | 6.13 | 13.00 | −0.510 | .610 | |
| Diastolic, home BP monitoring, mmHg | Baseline | 92.52 (9.56) | 8.25 | 83.04 (15.78) | 5.63 | 9.00 | −1.189 | .234 |
| 12 weeks | 92.43 (11.53) | 9.25 | 81.53 (7.35) | 5.13 | 5.00 | −0.872 | .061* | |
| Technology utilization categories | ||||||||
| Ease of learning technology | Baseline | 5.63 (1.93) | 7.42 | 5.64 (2.35) | 8.39 | 30.50 | −0.435 | .663 |
| 12 weeks | 6.35 (0.86) | 8.20 | 5.75 (2.22) | 7.90 | 24.00 | −0.127 | .899 | |
| Technology usefulness | Baseline | 3.92 (2.40) | 6.42 | 4.88 (1.43) | 9.06 | 36.50 | −1.126 | .260 |
| 12 weeks | 3.95 (2.09) | 7.70 | 4.04 (2.37) | 8.15 | 26.50 | −0.185 | .859 | |
| Ease of use of technology | Baseline | 5.24 (1.69) | 7.25 | 5.65 (1.67) | 8.50 | 22.50 | −0.535 | .593 |
| 12 weeks | 5.73 (0.89) | 6.80 | 5.61 (2.19) | 8.60 | 31.50 | −0.739 | .460 | |
| Satisfaction with technology | Baseline | 4.93 (1.89) | 8.92 | 4.44 (1.34) | 7.39 | 21.50 | −0.651 | .515 |
| 12 weeks | 4.43 (1.79) | 8.40 | 4.11 (2.16) | 7.80 | 23.00 | −0.245 | .806 | |
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; M, mean; QOL, quality of life; SD, standard deviation.
P-values form Mann-Whitney U test and statistically significant at P < .10.