Table 2. Laboratory details for enterovirus detection and typing, 18 European countries, 1 January–14 October 2021 (n = 36 laboratories).
| Country | Code | EV and screening methods | EV sequencing methods |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | BE-01 | Faeces: EV PCR on GI-TAC assay; respiratory samples: EV PCR and EV-D68 PCR on respiratory TAC assay; others: in-house EV PCR; CSF: FilmArray panel | NA |
| Bulgaria | BG-01 | All samples: cell culture (A), and EV PCR (B) | NA |
| Czechia | CZ-01 | Faeces: cell culture and EV PCR | NA |
| Germany | DE-01 | Only faeces and CSF tested, respiratory (only AFP cases): EV PCR | Complete or partial VP1 region |
| DE-02 | All samples: EV-PCR and EV/HRV PCR | Partial VP1 | |
| Denmark | DK-01 | All samples: EV PCR and HRV PCR | Partial VP1 and VP4-VP2 for EV, VP2 for RV |
| Spain | ES-01 | All samples: HRV16 Allplex Respiratory Panel (Seegene) or RealCycle EV/hPeV detection (Progenie) | Partial VP1 |
| ES-02 | Respiratory samples: Allplex Respiratory Panel; other samples: EV PCR | Partial VP1 | |
| ES-03 | All respiratory samples negative for other respiratory viruses, CSF and faeces from neurological or cutaneous illnesses | Partial VP1 | |
| ES-04 | No data | Partial VP1 | |
| ES-05 | All samples: EV PCR | Partial VP1 | |
| ES-06 | Respiratory samples: respiratory RT-PCR panel (EV/HRV in one channel) | EV-D68 typing PCR | |
| Finland | FI-01 | Respiratory samples: EV/HRV PCR], All samples: EV-PCR | Partial VP1 |
| FI-02 | Respiratory samples: EV/HRV PCR and EV-D68 PCR | Complete VP1 and VP4-VP2 | |
| France | FR-01 | Respiratory samples: EV/HRV PCR | Complete or partial VP1 and VP4-VP2 |
| FR-02-A | All samples: EV PCR and EV/HRV PCR | Complete or partial VP1 and VP4-VP2; complete or partial VP1 and VP4-VP2 | |
| FR-02-B | Respiratory samples (< 5 years) or samples from severe cases (respiratory AFM): EV-D68 PCR | ||
| Hungary | HU-01 | All samples: EV PCR | 5'-NTR, partial VP1 |
| Ireland | IE-01 | Respiratory samples: Luminex NxTAG Respiratory Panel (EV/HRV); respiratory samples with clinical indication: EV-D68 PCR; all other samples: EV PCR | Partial VP1 |
| Iceland | IS-01 | All samples: EV PCR and EV-D68 PCR | Partial VP1 |
| Italy | IT-01 | Respiratory samples: EV PCR and EV-D68 PCR | Partial VP1 and VP4-VP2 |
| IT-02 | Respiratory samples: EV/HRV PCR and EV-D68 PCR | EV-D68 typing; HRV/EV on VP4/VP2 typing VP1 typing |
|
| IT-03 | Respiratory samples: EV PCR: Allplex Respiratory Panel | NA | |
| IT-04 | Respiratory samples: EV PCR: Allplex Respiratory Panel | NA | |
| IT-05 | Respiratory samples: EV PCR: Allplex Respiratory Panel | NA | |
| The Netherlands | NL-01 | All samples: EV PCR | Partial VP1 |
| NL-02-A | All samples: EV PCR | Partial VP1 | |
| NL-02-B | Respiratory samples: EV PCR and HRV PCR and EV-D68 PCR | 5’-NTR, EV-D68 VP1, partial VP1 | |
| NL-03 | All samples: EV PCR | Partial VP1 | |
| NL-04 | All samples: EV PCR | Partial VP1 | |
| Norway | NO-01 | All samples: EV PCR and EV-D68 PCR | Partial VP1 |
| Portugal | PT-01 | Respiratory samples: EV PCR: Allplex Respiratory Panel | NA |
| Sweden | SE-01-A | Non-respiratory samples: EV PCR | Partial VP1 and VP4-VP2 |
| SE-01-B | Respiratory samples: Allplex Respiratory Panel and EV-D68 PCR | Partial VP1 and VP4-VP2 | |
| Slovenia | SI-01 | Respiratory samples: EV PCR | Partial VP1 |
| SI-02 | All samples: EV-D68 PCR | Partial VP1 | |
| England, UK | UK-01 | All samples: EV PCR and EV-D68 PCR | Partial VP1 |
| Wales, UK | UK-02 | All respiratory samples/CNS/faeces: EV PCR and EV-D68 PCR | Partial VP1 |
| Belfast, UK | UK-03 | Respiratory samples with clinical indication; skin swab with clinical indication; all CSF samples; blood with clinical symptoms; EV PCR and EV-D68 PCR | Partial VP1 Colindale reference laboratory sequencing |
AFM: acute flaccid myelitis; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; EV: enterovirus; GI-TAC: gastrointestinal Taqman array card; hPeV: human parechovirus; HRV: human rhinovirus; NA: not applicable; NTR: non-translated region; UK: United Kingdom; VP: viral protein.
References for the methods presented here are listed in the Supplement.