Table 3.
Association between postprandial biomarker changes and body compositiona
| Postprandial %Δ | Body mass index (kg/m2) | Percent body fat (Percent) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b β (95% CI) |
Model 2c β (95% CI) |
Model 1b β (95% CI) |
Model 2c β (95% CI) |
|
| Lipid responses | ||||
| TC | 0.14 (0.06, 0.22) ** | 0.17 (0.09, 0.26) *** | 0.08 (0.009, 0.14) * | 0.10 (0.03, 0.16) ** |
| TG | 0.26 (0.04, 0.49) * | 0.31 (0.07, 0.54) * | 0.12 (−0.08, 0.33) | 0.15 (−0.05, 0.36) |
| HDLc | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.14) | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.15) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) |
| LDLc | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.14) | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.17) | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.08) | 0.0003 (−0.11, 0.11) |
| apoA-I | 0.10 (0.01, 0.18) * | 0.11 (0.01, 0.20) * | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.11) |
| apoB | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.19) | 0.09 (−0.03, 0.21) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.12) |
| NEFA | 0.10 (−0.25, 0.45) | 0.11 (−0.22, 0.45) | 0.08 (−0.19, 0.36) | 0.00 (−0.17, 0.35) |
| Glycemic responses | ||||
| Insulin | −5.59 (−7.61, −3.56) *** | −6.30 (−8.41, −4.20) *** | −0.68 (−2.44, 1.08) | −1.06 (−2.87, 0.75) |
| Glucose | 0.15 (−0.17, 0.46) | 0.10 (−0.22, 0.41) | 0.34 (0.12, 0.56) *** | 0.29 (0.06, 0.51) ** |
| Pro-inflammatory responses | ||||
| hsCRP | 0.13 (−0.03, 0.29) | 0.14 (−0.03, 0.30) | 0.08 (−0.07, 0.23) | 0.09 (−0.06, 0.25) |
| Leptin | 0.60 (0.18, 1.02) ** | 0.64 (0.24, 1.05) ** | 0.60 (0.23, 0.97) *** | 0.61 (0.24, 0.99) *** |
| Resistin | 0.05 (−0.30, 0.34) | 0.05 (−0.31, 0.40) | −0.003 (−0.28, 0.28) | 0.02 (−0.26, 0.31) |
| MCP-1 | 0.24 (−0.26, 0.73) | 0.07 (−0.44, 0.58) | −0.06 (−0.43, 0.31) | −0.14 (−0.52, 0.23) |
| Anti-inflammatory responses | ||||
| IL-10 | −1.68 (−3.44, 0.09) * | −1.66 (−3.39, 0.07) * | −1.22 (−2.70, 0.26) * | −1.22 (−2.64, 0.20) * |
| Adiponectin | 0.26 (−0.13, 0.65) | 0.26 (−0.16, 0.67) | 0.24 (−0.01, 0.50) | 0.24 (−0.02, 0.51) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDLc, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; apo, apolipoprotein; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; IL-10, interleukin 10.
Based on least squares regression models: dependent variables are individual biomarker changes postprandial (%Δ), independent variables are BMI or percent body fat, respectively. All models are controlled for clustering at the household level (by mother’s ID) by generating cluster-robust estimates of the variance matrix. F-statistic in least squares regression: * P-value < 0.05, ** P-value < 0.01, *** P-value < 0.001.
Model 1 is adjusted for age at the time of data collection (year) and sex (female/male).
Model 2 is adjusted for age at the time of data collection (year), sex (female/male), socio-economic status at the time of data collection (tertiles), Guatemala City residency (reside in Guatemala City/Other), current alcohol consumption (yes/no), current smoking status (yes/no), lipid-lowering medication (yes/no), village of birth (one in four villages), and parity (women only).