Figure 3.

S epidermidis (A), E faecalis (B), and E coli (C) growth over time following incubation with infant formula (IF, n = 2), unfortified donor human milk (HM, n = 9), HM fortified with a bovine milk–based fortifier (HM+BMF, n = 9), or HM fortified with bovine colostrum (HM+BCF, n = 9). The inoculated concentrations were 10⁶, 10⁴, and 10³ CFU/mL for S epidermidis, E faecalis, and E coli, respectively. Values are mean ± SD. Values at each incubation time point that do not share the same letters are significantly different (P < .05). CFU, colony‐forming units.