Table 4.
Mean Differences Between the 3 Footbath Conditions WA, MU, and GI (each n = 36) as a Function of Time (Health Status Grouped Together).
| WA | GI | MU | WA vs GI | WA vs MU | GI vs MU | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diff | 95% CI | ES | Diff | 95% CI | ES | Diff | 95% CI | ES | |||||
| Warmth perception (as assessed by the Herdecke warmth perception questionnaire) [0 = cold; 4 = hot] | |||||||||||||
| Feet | t0 | 1.51 ± 1.04 | 1.49 ± 0.94 | 1.49 ± 1.08 | 0.02 | (−0.44;0.49) | 0.02 | 0.02 | (−0.47;0.52) | 0.02 | 0.00 | (−0.47;0.48) | 0.00 |
| t1 | 2.83 ± 0.63 | 3.37 ± 0.56 | 3.30 ± 0.69 | −0.54 | (−0.82;−0.27) | 0.92 | −0.48 | (−0.79;−0.17) | 0.73 | 0.07 | (−0.23;0.36) | 0.11 | |
| t2 | 2.45 ± 0.93 | 2.87 ± 0.89 | 2.59 ± 0.72 | −0.42 | (−0.85;0.01) | 0.46 | −0.15 | (−0.54;0.24) | 0.18 | 0.27 | (−0.11;0.65) | 0.34 | |
| Face | t0 | 2.42 ± 0.55 | 2.51 ± 0.56 | 2.52 ± 0.64 | −0.09 | (−0.35;0.17) | 0.17 | −0.10 | (−0.38;0.18) | 0.17 | −0.01 | (−0.29;0.27) | 0.02 |
| t1 | 2.58 ± 0.61 | 2.62 ± 0.61 | 2.67 ± 0.58 | −0.04 | (−0.32;0.25) | 0.06 | −0.09 | (−0.38;0.19) | 0.16 | −0.06 | (−0.34;0.22) | 0.10 | |
| t2 | 2.57 ± 0.61 | 2.61 ± 0.67 | 2.63 ± 0.61 | −0.04 | (−0.34;0.26) | 0.06 | −0.06 | (−0.35;0.23) | 0.10 | −0.02 | (−0.32;0.28) | 0.03 | |
| Hands | t0 | 2.38 ± 0.97 | 2.23 ± 0.85 | 2.25 ± 0.99 | 0.15 | (−0.28;0.58) | 0.16 | 0.13 | (−0.33;0.59) | 0.13 | −0.02 | (−0.45;0.41) | 0.02 |
| t1 | 2.74 ± 0.87 | 2.51 ± 0.81 | 2.57 ± 0.77 | 0.24 | (−0.16;0.64) | 0.28 | 0.18 | (−0.21;0.57) | 0.22 | −0.06 | (−0.43;0.31) | 0.08 | |
| t2 | 2.52 ± 0.91 | 2.54 ± 0.83 | 2.59 ± 0.78 | −0.01 | (−0.42;0.39) | 0.02 | −0.06 | (−0.46;0.33) | 0.08 | −0.05 | (−0.43;0.33) | 0.06 | |
| Overall warmth | t0 | 2.21 ± 0.75 | 2.08 ± 0.82 | 2.28 ± 0.87 | 0.13 | (−0.24;0.50) | 0.17 | −0.07 | (−0.45;0.31) | 0.09 | −0.20 | (−0.60;0.20) | 0.24 |
| t1 | 2.75 ± 0.60 | 2.74 ± 0.60 | 2.79 ± 0.40 | 0.01 | (−0.27;0.30) | 0.02 | −0.04 | (−0.28;0.20) | 0.08 | −0.06 | (−0.30;0.19) | 0.11 | |
| t2 | 2.67 ± 0.64 | 2.71 ± 0.69 | 2.67 ± 0.62 | −0.04 | (−0.35;0.27) | 0.06 | 0.00 | (−0.30;0.30) | 0.00 | 0.04 | (−0.27;0.35) | 0.06 | |
| Skin temperature (as assessed with a high-resolution IR camera in °C) | |||||||||||||
| Feet | t0 | 30.78 ± 2.89 | 30.52 ± 2.84 | 30.72 ± 2.83 | 0.26 | (−1.09;1.60) | 0.09 | 0.07 | (−1.28;1.41) | 0.02 | −0.19 | (−1.52;1.14) | 0.07 |
| t1 | 33.90 ± 0.60 | 33.80 ± 0.69 | 33.87 ± 0.60 | 0.11 | (−0.20;0.41) | 0.16 | 0.03 | (−0.25;0.31) | 0.05 | −0.07 | (−0.38;0.23) | 0.11 | |
| t2 | 32.11 ± 1.83 | 32.06 ± 1.56 | 32.08 ± 1.75 | 0.05 | (−0.74;0.85) | 0.03 | 0.04 | (−0.81;0.88) | 0.02 | −0.02 | (−0.80;0.76) | 0.01 | |
| Face | t0 | 34.53 ± 1.06 | 34.39 ± 0.97 | 34.31 ± 1.23 | 0.14 | (−0.34;0.62) | 0.14 | 0.23 | (−0.31;0.77) | 0.20 | 0.09 | (−0.43;0.61) | 0.08 |
| t1 | 34.50 ± 0.95 | 34.37 ± 0.82 | 34.10 ± 1.18 | 0.13 | (−0.29;0.55) | 0.15 | 0.40 | (−0.11;0.90) | 0.37 | 0.27 | (−0.21;0.74) | 0.26 | |
| t2 | 34.47 ± 1.03 | 34.37 ± 0.90 | 34.25 ± 1.19 | 0.11 | (−0.35;0.56) | 0.11 | 0.23 | (−0.30;0.75) | 0.20 | 0.12 | (−0.38;0.61) | 0.11 | |
| Hands | t0 | 33.13 ± 2.70 | 32.94 ± 2.97 | 33.00 ± 2.80 | 0.20 | (−1.14;1.53) | 0.07 | 0.14 | (−1.16;1.43) | 0.05 | −0.06 | (−1.42;1.29) | 0.02 |
| t1 | 33.42 ± 2.28 | 32.78 ± 2.81 | 32.79 ± 2.33 | 0.64 | (−0.57;1.84) | 0.25 | 0.63 | (−0.45;1.71) | 0.27 | −0.01 | (−1.22;1.21) | 0.00 | |
| t2 | 33.04 ± 2.58 | 32.67 ± 2.80 | 32.85 ± 2.59 | 0.37 | (−0.90;1.63) | 0.14 | 0.19 | (−1.03;1.40) | 0.07 | −0.18 | (−1.45;1.09) | 0.07 | |
Note. Data are M ± SD (WA = water only condition; MU = mustard added to WA; GI = ginger added to WA; Diff = mean difference; CI = confidence intervals; ES = Cohen’s d effect size; t0 = baseline; t1 = post immersion; t2 = follow-up). Bold indicates CI that do not contain zero.