Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 6.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020 Sep 18;34(10):452–459. doi: 10.1089/apc.2020.0074

Table 3.

Associations between demographic, socioeconomic and clinical characteristics and unmet need for patient navigation services among people with HIV, United States, Medical Monitoring Project, 2015–2017

Unmet subjective need for patient navigation* Unmet objective need for patient navigation** Unmet subjective or objective need for patient navigation
n %*** (95% CI#) p-value APR# (95% CI) p-value n % (95% CI) p-value APR (95% CI) p-value n % (95% CI) p-value APR (95% CI) p-value
TOTAL (Row%) [out of 7692] 625 6.1 (5.3–6.9) 2950 28.2 (26.9–29.5) 3575 34.4 (32.9–35.9)
Demographics
Age at the time of interview (years) 0.061 0.577 <.0001 <0.001 <.0001 <0.001
18–24 12 9.8 (4.3–15.2) 1.49 (0.82–2.70) 108 43.0 (34.7–51.2) 1.60 (1.25–2.06) 120 52.7 (45.0–60.3) 1.55 (1.28–1.88)
25–34 90 7.4 (5.1–9.7) 1.17 (0.83–1.66) 515 35.0 (31.8–38.1) 1.38 (1.22–1.55) 605 42.4 (38.8–45.9) 1.31 (1.18–1.46)
35–44 122 6.5 (5.1–7.9) 1.03 (0.77–1.37) 638 32.5 (29.6–35.4) 1.31 (1.17–1.46) 760 39.0 (36.3–41.7) 1.23 (1.13–1.35)
45–54 212 6.2 (5.0–7.4) 1.12 (0.89–1.41) 906 26.1 (24.3–27.8) 1.08 (0.97–1.20) 1118 32.3 (30.2–34.4) 1.07 (0.98–1.17)
>=55 189 4.9 (3.6–6.2) Reference 783 23.8 (21.8–25.7) Reference 972 28.7 (26.5–30.9) Reference
Gender 0.006 0.001 0.836 0.801 0.166 0.061
Male 422 5.8 (4.9–6.7) Reference 2096 28.1 (26.6–29.6) Reference 2518 33.9 (32.2–35.5) Reference
Female 196 7.4 (6.2–8.6) 1.29 (1.06–1.56) 810 28.7 (26.9–30.5) 0.99 (0.91–1.07) 1006 36.2 (34.0–38.3) 1.04 (0.97–1.12)
Transgender 7 2.8 (0.1–5.6)+^ 0.36 (0.15–0.85) 42 29.1 (20.7–37.6) 0.91 (0.68–1.22) 49 32.0 (22.8–41.1) 0.79 (0.60–1.04)
Race/Ethnicity 0.002 0.027 <.0001 0.002 <.0001 <0.001
White, non-Hispanic 139 4.5 (3.4–5.6) Reference 729 24.6 (21.9–27.4) Reference 868 29.2 (26.4–32.0) Reference
Black, non-Hispanic 222 5.4 (4.5–6.4) 1.01 (0.77–1.32) 1450 33.0 (31.3–34.8) 1.30 (1.15–1.48) 1672 38.5 (36.8–40.2) 1.25 (1.12–1.39)
Hispanic/Latino 201 8.5 (5.2–11.7) 1.69 (1.07–2.66) 582 24.6 (22.0–27.1) 1.04 (0.89–1.22) 783 33.1 (30.1–36.0) 1.15 (1.03–1.29)
Other 63 9.2 (6.6–11.9) 1.67 (1.07–2.61) 189 27.1 (22.3–32.0) 1.05 (0.88–1.26) 252 36.3 (31.0–41.6) 1.15 (0.99–1.34)
Foreign born 0.028 --- --- <.0001 --- <.0001 ---
No 545 6.3 (5.4–7.2) --- 2602 29.2 (27.8–30.6) --- 3147 35.5 (34.0–37.1) ---
Yes 74 4.7 (3.5–5.9) --- 336 22.3 (19.9–24.8) --- 410 27.0 (24.4–29.6) ---
English proficiency 0.817 --- --- <.0001 0.014 0.002 <0001
Not proficient 165 6.4 (3.0–9.9) --- 538 23.0 (20.4–25.6) 0.87 (0.77–0.97) 703 29.5 (26.0–32.9) 0.89 (0.80–0.99)
Proficient 459 6.0 (5.3–6.7) --- 2412 29.5 (28.0–31.0) Reference 2871 35.6 (34.0–37.2) Reference
Health literacy <.0001 0.005 0.041 --- 0.155 ---
Limited health literacy 227 9.7 (7.7–11.6) 1.43 (1.11–1.84) 614 26.1 (23.6–28.6) --- 841 35.8 (33.0–38.7) ---
Adequate health literacy 395 5.0 (4.3–5.8) Reference 2330 28.8 (27.5–30.2) --- 2725 33.9 (32.4–35.4) ---
Socioeconomic
Education 0.070 --- --- 0.131 --- 0.157 ---
Less than High school, no diploma 134 7.4 (6.0–8.8) --- 525 26.5 (24.2–28.8) --- 659 34.0 (31.4–36.6) ---
High school diploma or GED 160 6.6 (4.9–8.3) --- 811 29.6 (27.3–32.0) --- 971 36.2 (33.5–38.9) ---
More than high school 331 5.5 (4.5–6.4) --- 1610 28.1 (26.6–29.6) --- 1941 33.6 (31.9–35.4) ---
Household income <.0001 --- --- 0.809 --- 0.190 ---
0 – 19,999 388 7.6 (6.3–8.9) --- 1530 27.5 (26.0–29.0) --- 1918 35.1 (33.4–36.9) ---
20,000 – 39,999 128 6.0 (4.6–7.3) --- 571 27.5 (24.6–30.4) --- 699 33.5 (30.3–36.6) ---
40,000 – 74,999 42 3.3 (1.9–4.7) --- 369 28.4 (24.7–32.1) --- 411 31.7 (27.8–35.6) ---
>= 75,000 29 2.3 (1.3–3.3) --- 262 29.4 (25.9–32.8) --- 291 31.7 (28.2–35.2) ---
Poverty <.0001 --- --- 0.402 --- 0.002 ---
Above poverty level 265 4.7 (3.9–5.6) --- 1437 27.3 (25.3–29.3) --- 1702 32.1 (30.0–34.1) ---
At or below poverty level 322 7.8 (6.5–9.2) --- 1295 28.5 (26.7–30.3) --- 1617 36.4 (34.5–38.3) ---
Homelessness <.0001 0.006 0.002 --- <.0001 0.001
No 515 5.5 (4.7–6.4) Reference 2617 27.7 (26.4–29.1) 3132 33.3 (31.7–34.8) Reference
Yes 110 12.4 (9.0–15.7) 1.59 (1.14–2.21) 332 33.5 (29.8–37.2) 442 45.9 (41.5–50.3) 1.18 (1.07–1.30)
Incarceration history 0.004 --- <.0001 0.007 <.0001 0.004
No 576 5.9 (5.0–6.8) --- 2727 27.7 (26.3–29.0) Reference 3303 33.6 (32.0–35.1) Reference
Yes 48 9.7 (6.8–12.7) --- 221 38.4 (33.8–43.0) 1.22 (1.06–1.40) 269 48.2 (43.0–53.4) 1.21 (1.07–1.36)
Health insurance or coverage <.0001 <0.001 <.0001 0.005 <.0001 <0.001
Private insurance 158 4.3 (3.2–5.5) 0.24 (0.15–0.37) 961 27.9 (25.5–30.3) 0.66 (0.51–0.84) 1119 32.3 (29.7–34.8) 0.49 (0.42–0.57)
Public insurance (excluding RW/ADAP# only) 395 6.4 (5.4–7.5) 0.26 (0.18–0.36) 1701 28.3 (26.7–29.9) 0.66 (0.51–0.84) 2096 34.8 (33.0–36.5) 0.49 (0.42–0.57)
RW/ADAP Only 39 6.1 (3.8–8.5) 0.24 (0.14–0.42) 209 25.3 (21.6–29.0) 0.55 (0.40–0.74) 248 31.5 (27.9–35.2) 0.42 (0.34–0.50)
No insurance coverage 26 25.7 (16.2–35.2) Reference 52 49.1 (38.0–60.3) Reference 78 74.7 (65.2–84.3) Reference
Risk behavior
Binge drinker 0.084 --- 0.306 --- 0.059 ---
No 523 5.9 (5.0–6.8) --- 2446 28.0 (26.6–29.3) --- 2969 33.9 (32.3–35.4) ---
Yes 100 7.4 (5.7–9.1) --- 484 29.4 (26.7–32.2) --- 584 36.8 (33.7–40.0) ---
Alcohol use before or during sex 0.230 --- 0.371 --- 0.171 ---
No 202 5.7 (4.5–7.0) --- 1049 28.0 (25.7–30.3) --- 1251 33.8 (31.3–36.3) ---
Yes 147 6.7 (5.4–8.0) --- 717 29.4 (26.9–31.9) --- 864 36.1 (33.4–38.8) ---
Non-injection drug use 0.002 0.001 <.0001 0.001 <.0001 <0.001
No 389 5.2 (4.1–6.3) Reference 1934 26.5 (25.1–27.9) Reference 2323 31.7 (30.0–33.4) Reference
Yes 234 8.4 (6.8–9.9) 1.48 (1.17–1.86) 1006 32.1 (29.9–34.4) 1.15 (1.06–1.25) 1240 40.5 (37.9–43.2) 1.20 (1.13–1.29)
Non-injection drug use before or during sex 0.000 --- 0.000 --- <.0001 ---
No 213 5.0 (3.9–6.1) --- 1216 27.1 (25.0–29.2) --- 1429 32.1 (29.8–34.3) ---
Yes 133 9.0 (6.9–11.1) --- 556 32.8 (30.0–35.6) --- 689 41.8 (38.7–44.9) ---
Sexual risk behavior 0.485 --- 0.408 --- 0.660 ---
No 276 6.4 (5.3–7.5) --- 1150 27.6 (25.8–29.4) --- 1426 34.0 (32.0–36.0) ---
Yes 341 5.9 (4.9–6.9) --- 1748 28.6 (26.7–30.5) --- 2089 34.6 (32.6–36.6) ---
Same/opposite gender sexual behavior/orientation 0.034 --- 0.389 --- 0.126 ---
MSM 269 5.7 (4.7–6.7) --- 1363 27.3 (25.6–29.1) --- 1632 33.0 (31.3–34.8) ---
MSW only 142 5.9 (4.6–7.1) --- 694 29.5 (26.9–32.0) --- 836 35.4 (32.6–38.2) ---
WSM 190 7.4 (6.2–8.7) --- 790 28.7 (26.8–30.6) --- 980 36.2 (33.9–38.5) ---
Others 24 5.0 (2.7–7.3) --- 103 29.5 (23.6–35.3) --- 127 34.5 (28.0–40.9) ---
Clinical
Depression <.0001 <0.001 0.494 --- <.0001 <0.001
No depression 352 4.3 (3.5–5.2) Reference 2284 28.1 (26.5–29.7) --- 2636 32.4 (30.8–34.1) Reference
Other depression 99 8.8 (6.3–11.2) 1.67 (1.29–2.16) 316 27.6 (24.2–30.9) --- 415 36.4 (33.0–39.8) 1.05 (0.96–1.16)
Major depression 166 16.1 (13.3–18.9) 2.95 (2.18–3.99) 333 30.2 (26.8–33.6) --- 499 46.4 (42.7–50.1) 1.35 (1.23–1.48)
Recently diagnosed with HIV (<1 year) 0.329 --- 0.003 --- <.0001 0.014
No 621 6.1 (5.2–6.9) --- 2909 28.1 (26.8–29.4) --- 3530 34.2 (32.7–35.7) Reference
Yes 4 10.6 (0.0–22.4)+^ --- 41 46.1 (33.2–59.0) --- 45 56.7 (45.4–68.1) 1.39 (1.10–1.76)
Ryan White HIV/AIDS program-funded facility 0.047 --- 0.984 --- 0.379 ---
No 146 4.6 (3.7–5.6) --- 725 25.6 (22.7–28.6) --- 871 30.3 (27.1–33.5) ---
Yes 430 6.3 (5.1–7.4) --- 1855 25.7 (24.5–26.9) --- 2285 32.0 (30.4–33.5) ---
*

Unmet subjective need for patient navigation was defined as not getting patient navigation service despite reporting need for the service in the past 12 months, irrespective of viral load status (suppressed or unsuppressed).

**

Unmet objective need for patient navigation was defined as not getting patient navigation, not reporting need for the service, but did not have sustained viral suppression over the past 12 months

***

Percentages are weighted percentages.

#

CI = Confidence Interval; APR = Adjusted Prevalence Ratio; RW = Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program; ADAP = AIDS Drug Assistance Program

+

Coefficient of Variation (CV)>=0.30, indicating that the estimate is not reliable with high variance.

^

Values with a denominator sample size <30, values with an absolute CI width of between 0.05 and 0.30, and a relative CI width 130% are marked with # and should be interpreted with caution