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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2020 Dec 9;163:102–115. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.018

Table 2.

AhR and Nrf2 activation characteristics of pure xanthones isolated from mangosteen.

AhR activation Nrf2 activation
Cpd No. Identity CQ (μM) IC50 (μM) CQ (μM) IC50 (μM)
+ control FICZ 0.006 ± 0.000 - - -
1 8-desoxygartanin 0.162 ± 0.001 36.00 ± 1.70 22.19 ± 1.24 49.91 ± 3.81
2 gartanin 0.412 ± 0.005 36.50 ± 0.71 9.43 ± 1.90 63.55 ± 1.94
3 α-mangostin 0.510 ± 0.007 26.30 ± 0.08 16.25 ± 0.46 24.11 ± 0.28
4 9-OHCal 0.380 ± 0.004 47.60 ± 0.56 - 52.25 ± 3.96
5 β-mangostin 5.125 ± 0.006 - - -
6 Garcinone D 0.142 ± 0.008 - 8.08 ± 0.07 38.50 ± 7.27
7 γ-mangostin 0.825 ± 0.008 65.00 ± 3.50 14.93 ± 0.10 32.59 ± 3.96

CQ and IC50 are mean values ± SD of at least 2 separate experiments, each performed in triplicate. Maximum test concentrations of samples were 100 μM and 25 μM for MTT and AhR assays of pure compounds, respectively.

CQ-concentration of quadrupling; IC50- inhibitory concentration of pure compounds where the cell viability is reduced by half. Compounds with no IC50 values (−) means the compound did not exhibit >50% H1L6/HepG2-ARE cell toxicity at the concentration range tested. Compounds with no CQ values (−) for Nrf2 activation means the concentration range tested did not quadruple Nrf2 activation in HepG2-ARE cells.