Table 2.

Studies of Alzheimer disease biomarkers in Black or African American individuals and white individuals

Study	Biomarker(s)	Number of Black or African American participants	Number of white participants	Biomarker levels in Black or African American participants compared with white participants
Gottesman et al. (2016)69	Aβ PET	141	188	Higher
Howell et al. (2017)62	CSF p-tau181 and t-tau	65	70	Lower
Garrett et al. (2019)63	CSF p-tau181 and t-tau	152	210	Lower
Morris et al. (2019)64	CSF p-tau181 and t-tau	97	816	Lower
Kumar et al. (2020)65	CSF p-tau181 and t-tau	30	50	Lower
Meeker et al. (2020)66	Aβ PET, tau PET and structural and functional MRI	70	434	No difference in tau PET, Aβ PET, or functional MRI; lower brain volume
Brickman et al. (2021)67	Plasma Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42, t-tau, p-tau181, p-tau217 and NfL; Aβ PETa	98	99	No difference in any biomarker
Rajan et al. (2021)68	Serum t-tau, NfL and GFAP	811	516	No difference in any biomarker

Aβ, amyloid-β, t-tau, total tau; p-tau, phosphorylated tau; NfL, neurofilament light chain; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein. ^aIncluded 100 Hispanic participants.