Table 6.

Phytotherapeutic interventions proposed against different types of corona viral / entero viral infections

Phytoconstituents/Herbal medicines	Type	Mode of action	Proposed therapeutic against	Model	References
Caflanone, Equivir, Hesperetin, Myricetin and Linebacker	Flavonoid	Bind to spike protein, helicase and protease sites on ACE2 receptor with high affinity	SARS-CoV-2	In silico	Stebbing et al. (2020)
Astragali Radix (Huangqi), Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma (Gancao), Saposhnikoviae Radix (Fangfeng), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu), and Lonicerae Japonicae Flo	Traditional Chinese Medicines	Majorly by inhibiting inflammation condition associated with COVID-19	SARS-CoV-2	Recommendations as per Chinese guidelines and official government websites of 31 provinces in mainland China	Cunningham et al. (2020)
Luteolin	Flavonoid	Alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome activation	SARS-CoV	In vitro	Kalil (2020)
Myricetin	Flavonoid	Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation	SARS-CoV	In vivo	Badri et al. (2021)
Apigenin	Flavonoid	Reduces induction of LOX-1 and NLRP3 expression	SARS-CoV	In vitro	Girija and Sivan (2020)
Quercetin	Flavonoid	Suppresses fructose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation	SARS-CoV	In vitro	Ang et al. (2020)
Kaempferol	Flavonoid	Interferes with NLRP3 inflammasome activation	SARS-CoV	In vivo	Du et al. (2020)
Baicalin	Flavonoid	Suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling	SARS-CoV Dengue viral infection	Ex vivo and in vitro	Ren et al. (2020)
Wagonoside	Flavonoid	Inhibit NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome	SARS-CoV	In vivo	Du et al. (2020)
Apigenin, Luteolin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Isorhamnetin, Formononetin, Chrysosplenetin and Penduletin	Flavonoids	Undisclosed	Enterovirus 71	In silico
Emodin	Anthraquinone	Inhibit interaction of SARS-CoV spike protein with ACE2 receptor	SARS-CoV	In vitro	Ni et al. (2020) Kremsner et al. (2020)
Resveratrol	Stilbenoid	Inhibition of viral replication and host cell apoptosis along with prolonging cellular survival after viral infection	MERS-CoV	In vitro