TABLE 3.

Patients’ Conversational Speech Sample and Narrative Formulation (Picture Description Task)

Patient One
Discourse Context	Transcript
Conversational language sample	(Referring to his verbal difficulty) What was the first thing you noticed? (~4 second pause) uh (~2 second pause) lack of communication uh (~3 second) uh the first thing I noticed was uuh (~2 second pause) uuh (~1 second pause) just the lack of communication (nodding head) What do you mean by that? (~2 second pause) well (~3 second pause) I would prefer silence Okay, so you are talking less? I think so yeah am am I am I am positive of that (nodding head) And others have observed this as well? Yes (~1 second pause) and and they charged it off to the fact that I have hearing aids (pointing to his ear) uh when uh in fact uh I was communicating less (nodding his head) How long have you worn hearing aids? Since twenty o’ four
Description of the “Picnic” picture from the Western Aphasia Battery—Revised	Oh well um (~3 second pause) there is a picnic going on and the uff boy is flying a kite and uh (~1 second pause) uh uh a fisherman catching a fish and um (~5 second pause) a sculptor uh (~2 second pause) um fitting a being (or building) a sand sculpture and um (~1 second pause) hmm a car with a house (~1 second pause) and uh a boat. uh a boat um with that’s a (~1 second pause) um (~3 second pause) sailing along and um (~2 second pause) they have uh the the the picnic person has a picnic basket, and a radio and um (~1 second pause) some sandals otherwise there there there um (~1 second pause) she has shoes but um uh he is barefoot and um (~2 second pause) there is a dog following um (~2 second pause) the boy fuh flying the kite. *,a,b
Patient Two
Discourse Context	Transcript Visit 1	Transcript Visit 2
Conversational language sample	Tell me why you are here now. What kind of trouble have you been having? Um (~2 second pause) I I don’t get my words out, so How long has that been going on? Um, I think since like about 2012 Can you describe it for me a little bit more? Um (~5 second pause) well, people ask me questions and then I I I don’t I don’t know how to answer You have any trouble finding the words that you want to say? Um, no Are you having any trouble understanding what people say to you? Um I I don’t have any um (~3 second pause) I don’t have any misunderstandings Okay. Are you having any trouble understanding what you read? No. I don’t Do you read for pleasure? Yeah And tell me about writing, any difficulties with that? Um, no, no difficulties Okay. Are you having any problems other than not knowing how to answer things that people ask you about? Well (~3 second pause) um (~2 second pause) I wa I uh um um um before last year I I was trying to get people to talk to me, you know, if I would ask questions and then they’d answer me, so Okay. So you were able to do that before and it is harder to do it now? Yeah	Why are you here today? What kind of trouble have you been having? (~4 second pause) I don’t know What’s been giving you difficulty? I don’t know (~5 second pause) I don’t know Are you having trouble with anything? Um hmmm What is that? No response in ~6 seconds
Description of the “Picnic” picture from the Western Aphasia Battery—Revised	Um, they are at the beach and the boy is running with a kite. And there is a sailboat in the water. And (~3 second pause) the girl is um (~4 second pause) building a sandcastle and the dog is running behind the boy. And then the muh mom and dad are sitting on a blanket and um the dad is reading a book and the mom is pouring wine I think, a bottle of wine. (~2 second pause) And then there is a person on the dock who is fishing.*,a, b (looked at the picture for ~3 seconds before looking at the examiner) Anything else? Um There is a flagpole (~2 second pause) um (~2 second pause) near the house, so, yeah (~4 second pause) And there is there is a radio next to the woman and sandals next to the man.^ (looked at the picture for ~10 seconds before turning the stimulus page)	No verbal response to initial instruction. Examiner prompts (pointing to the picture) “what’s happening there?” (~3 second pause) (Pointing to the picture) the the this thing (looks at the examiner and then at his materials) What’s happening? Hmm (tries to turn the page in the stimulus booklet) Examiner stops her from turning the page saying “Stick with this… What’s happening there?” Not looking at the picture replies Yeah (~3 second pause) I don’t know Tell me, what’s he doing? He is doing (~14 second pause looking at the picture) bible Alright…And what is he doing? (~10 second pause looking at the picture) Kite (looks at the examiner for ~3 seconds) (looks at the picture for ~2 seconds, points to something in the picture) Yeah, what is happening there? Looking at the examiner says Um hm Tell me about that. (~6 seconds pause looking at the examiner) What’s going on there? Looking at the picture replies Yeah (no verbal response for ~10 seconds) I don’t know What is she doing? (~6 second pause looking at the picture) I don’t know Can you tell me what she is doing? Um Hmm (then looks at the examiner without verbal response for ~8 seconds) Alright

The clinician’s questions and comments appear in bold, and the patients’ answers and comments appear in italics.

^*Time to generate description = 1 minute 23 seconds.

^a63 (abnormal) words per minute (normal M = 166, SD = 22; Nicholas and Brookshire, 1993).

^bCorrect information units for 1 minute of this sample = 68.25% (normal range % CIU = 72–93; M = 86; SD = 6; Nicholas and Brookshire, 1993).

CIU = correct information unit.

The clinician’s questions and comments appear in bold, and the patients’ answers and comments appear in italics.

Time to generate description = *46 seconds and ^23 seconds.

^a88 (abnormal) words per minute (normal M = 166, SD = 22; Nicholas and Brookshire, 1993).

^bCorrect information units for 1 minute of this sample = 80.68% (normal range % CIU = 72 – 93; M = 86; SD = 6; Nicholas and Brookshire, 1993).

CIU = correct information unit.