Table 2.
Psychometric Scales Utilized to Assess Visual Arts Programming (All domains were evaluated using Likert Scales)
| Domain | Psychometric Scale | Means Assessed | Visual Arts-based Studies Utilizing Scale(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ambiguity | Modified Tolerance for Ambiguity Scale (TFA) | A 7-item questionnaire that measures an individual’s comfort (or discomfort) with ambiguity. | Klugman et al. 2011 Klugman et al. 2014 Gowda et al. 2018 Strohbehn et al. 2020 |
| Bias | Best Intentions Questionnaire (BIQ) | A 24-item questionnaire test that assesses how physician biases may affect patient care. | Gowda et al. 2018 |
| Burnout | The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) | A 22-item questionnaire that measures three components of burnout in health professional populations: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low sense of personal accomplishment. | Orr et al. 2019 |
| Communication | Communication Skills Attitudes Scale (CSAS) | A 26-item questionnaire that assesses student perceptions towards learning communication skills. | Klugman et al. 2011 Klugman et al. 2014 |
| Empathy & Compassion | The Compassion Scale Inter-reactivity Index (IRI) Jefferson Scale of Empathy Reading the Mind in the Eyes |
A 24-item questionnaire that measures compassionate responses through three conflicting domains: kindness-versus-indifferences, common humanity-versus-separation, and mindfulness-versus-disengagement. A 28-item questionnaire that measures affective empathy (empathic concern, personal distress) and cognitive empathy (perspective taking, fantasy). A 20-item questionnaire that measures cognitive and affective components of empathy in health professional populations. Theory of the Mind inspired scale designed to gauge an individual’s ability to intuit the emotional state of others through pairing an image of someone’s eyes with their internal emotional state. |
Zazulak et al. 2015 – IRI scale Zazulak et al. 2017 – IRI scale, Compassion Scale Gurwin et al. 2017 – Reading the Mind in the Eyes Strohbehn et al. 2020 – JSPE |
| Grit | Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S) | An 8-item questionnaire that measures two components of grit: perseverance of effort and consistency of interest. | Strohbehn et al. 2020 |
| Mindfulness & Reflection | The Five-Facet Mindfulness Scale The Groningen Reflection Ability Scale (GRAS) The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) |
A 39-tem questionnaire that assesses five domains of mindfulness: description, self-expression, acts of self-awareness, non-judgment of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience. A 23-item questionnaire that measures reflective ability along three domains: self-reflection, empathic reflection, and reflective communication. A 15-item questionnaire that assesses dispositional mindfulness, which is the ability to be aware of and pay attention to the present moment. |
Zazulak et al. 2017 – Five Facet Mindfulness Scale Gowda et al. 2018 – GRAS Strohbehn et al 2020 – MAAS |