. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Phys Sportsmed. 2020 Nov 26;49(4):410–419. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1847004

Table 3a.

Achilles tendon: Analysis of type of ultrasonographic abnormality in the Achilles tendon and development of pain at any time point (N = 104 runners, 208 tendons total).

		Pain, f (%)

Type of ultrasound abnormality		Yes	No	Fisher’s exact p	Relative risk (95% CI)
Hypoechogenicity	Abnormal	2 (11.1)	16 (88.9)	0.700	1.11 (0.28, 4.39)
Hypoechogenicity	Normal	19 (10.0)	171 (90.0)
Delamination	Abnormal	6 (46.2)	7 (53.8)	0.001^*	6.00 (2.80, 12.86)
Delamination	Normal	15 (7.7)	180 (92.3)
Paratenon Blurring	Abnormal	2 (40.0)	3 (60.0)	0.081	4.27 (1.35, 13.57)
Paratenon Blurring	Normal	19 (9.4)	184 (90.6)
Thickening	Abnormal	1 (12.5)	7 (87.5)	0.580	1.25 (0.19, 8.19)
Thickening	Normal	20 (10.0)	180 (90.0)
Calcification	Abnormal	3 (30.0)	7 (70.0)	0.067	3.30 (1.16, 9.38)
Calcification	Normal	18 (9.1)	180 (90.9)

CI = confidence interval.

Significant association.