Table 2.
Summary of the C-statistic and 95% CIs of the included studies.
| Major bleeding | Any clinically relevant bleeding | Intracranial bleeding | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | |||
| No. of studies | 28 | 7 | 6 |
| C-statistic: HAS-BLED | 0.63 [0.61, 0.65] | 0.58 [0.56, 0.61] | 0.58 [0.53, 0.62] |
| HAS-BLED vs. HEMORR 2 HAGES | |||
| No. of studies | 12 | 3 | 3 |
| C-statistic: HAS-BLED | 0.63 [0.60, 0.67] | 0.57 [0.54, 0.61] | 0.56 [0.51, 0.63] |
| C-statistic: HEMORR2HAGES | 0.62 [0.58, 0.65] | 0.56 [0.51, 0.61] | 0.58 [0.51, 0.66] |
| Z-statistic | 0.396# | 0.321# | −0.408# |
| HAS-BLED vs. ORBIT | |||
| No. of studies | 12 | 4 | 2 |
| C-statistic: HAS-BLED | 0.61 [0.59, 0.64] | 0.59 [0.56, 0.63] | 0.54 [0.51, 0.57] |
| C-statistic: ORBIT | 0.63 [0.60, 0.67] | 0.59 [0.53, 0.66] | 0.55 [0.45, 0.69] |
| Z-statistic | −0.911# | 0# | −0.158# |
| HAS-BLED vs. ATRIA | |||
| No. of studies | 15 | 5 | 2 |
| C-statistic: HAS-BLED | 0.62 [0.60, 0.65] | 0.59 [0.56, 0.62] | 0.54 [0.51, 0.57] |
| C-statistic: ATRIA | 0.63 [0.60, 0.66] | 0.58 [0.51, 0.65] | 0.54 [0.47, 0.62] |
| Z-statistic | −0.502# | 0.257# | 0# |
| HAS-BLED vs. CHADS2 | |||
| No. of studies | 5 | - | - |
| C-statistic: HAS-BLED | 0.66 [0.64, 0.68] | - | - |
| C-statistic: CHADS2 | 0.61 [0.57, 0.65] | - | - |
| Z-statistic | 2.19* | - | - |
| HAS-BLED vs. CHA2DS2-VASc | |||
| No. of studies | 5 | - | - |
| C-statistic: HAS-BLED | 0.66 [0.64, 0.68] | - | - |
| C-statistic: CHA2DS2-VASc | 0.61 [0.57, 0.66] | - | - |
| Z-statistic | 1.99* | - | - |
| HAS-BLED vs. GARFIELD-AF | |||
| No. of studies | 3 | - | - |
| C-statistic: HAS-BLED | 0.61 [0.57, 0.66] | - | - |
| C-statistic: GARFIELD-AF | 0.63 [0.56, 0.71] | - | - |
| Z-statistic | −0.448# | - | - |
| HAS-BLED vs. ABC | |||
| No. of studies | 4 | - | - |
| C-statistic: HAS-BLED | 0.61 [0.60, 0.63] | - | - |
| C-statistic: ABC | 0.65 [0.58, 0.72] | - | - |
| Z-statistic | −1.09# | - | - |
The absolute value of Z-statistic more than 1.96 indicated a p-value of < 0.05, suggesting a significant difference in the discrimination between the two risk scores.
p < 0.05;
p > 0.05.
HAS-BLED, Hypertension, Abnormal liver/renal function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile international normalized ratio, Elderly, Drugs/alcohol concomitantly; HEMORR2HAGES, Hepatic or renal disease, Ethanol abuse, Malignancy, Older, Reduced platelet count or function, Re-bleeding risk, Hypertension (uncontrolled), Anemia, Genetic factors, Excessive fall risk, Stroke; ATRIA, Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation; ORBIT, Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation; GARFIELD-AF, Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation; ABC, Age, Biomarkers, Clinical History; CHADS2, Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥ 75 years, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke/transient ischemic attack history; CHA2DS2-VASc, Congestive heart failure/left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%, Hypertension, Age ≥ 75 years, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke/transient ischemic attack/thromboembolism history, Vascular disease, Age 65–74 years, Sex (female).