Fig. 5.

Network analysis of Mmp3, Mmp8, and Mmp14 in m-β-CoV -RSA59 and m-β-CoV -RSMHV2 infection. The path designer function of the IPA software was used to dissect further the direct and indirect relationships that exist between Mmp genes and inflammatory responses with a focus on immune cell trafficking. Transcript details of Mmp-3, -8, -14, which showed significant upregulation upon RSA59 and RSMHV2 infection during acute inflammation was loaded into the IPA. A–B: Results suggest that Mmps facilitate the transmigration of granulocytes (A) and agranulocytes (B) firmly adhered to endothelial cells in the blood vessel. As indicated through IPA (A–B), MMPs can mediate junctional disassembly between endothelial cells via interacting with adhesion molecules such as claudin (CLDN), cadherin 5 (CDH5), endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM1), and junctional adhesion molecules (JAM). Further, IPA indicates an interactive relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MMPs during immune cell trafficking. Nodes in the network represent the genes (or their corresponding proteins). The lines connecting the nodes indicate the kind of interaction between the genes (direct is the solid line; indirect is a dotted line). Red dotted rectangles highlight the possible interaction between MMPs and different cellular molecules.