Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Treatment assignments of the study |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard-dose anticoagulation (n = 5) | Therapeutic-dose anticoagulation (n = 5) | Tissue plasminogen activator (n = 5) | |
| Age (y)a | 63 (48–65.5) | 53 (43–67) | 60 (55–64.5) |
| Gender (%) | |||
| Female | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (40.0) |
| Current smoker | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20) | 0 (0) |
| Hypertension | 2 (40.0) | 2 (40.0) | 2 (40.0) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0 (0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0 (0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Malignancies | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Obesity | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) |
| History of pulmonaryembolism | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (20.0) |
| History of deep veinthrombosis | 0 (0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) |
| Oral contraceptive pills | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Aspirin | 3 (60) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) |
| Captopril | 0 (0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) |
| Losartan | 3 (60.0) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) |
| Atorvastatin | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) | 2 (40.0) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | 5 (100) |
| Azithromycin | 2 (40.0) | 3 (60.0) | 1 (20.0) |
| Naproxen | 3 (60.0) | 3 (60.0) | 1 (25.0) |
| Dexamethasone | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (50.0) |
| Methylprednisolone | 3 (60.0) | 3 (60.0) | 3 (60.0) |
| Interferon-β | 4 (80.0) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) |
| Hemoperfusion | 3 (60.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (25.0) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 110 (107–130) | 130 (120–140) | 114 (105–127.5) |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) | 27 (17–29) | 20 (15–25) | 34 (18–39) |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 92 (75–110.5) | 91 (81.5–150) | 103 (96.5–114.5) |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.3 (36.15–37) | 37.4 (36.75–37.8) | 36.8 (36.65–37.25) |
| Duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization (d) | 5 (4.5–6) | 4 (3.5–7) | 5 (3–6.5) |
| Duration of hospitalization prior to enrolment (d) | 6 (4–9.5) | 9 (6.5–11.5) | 5 (1–9) |
| P/F ratiob at the time of randomization | 46 (37–74.1) | 62 (48.5–75.5) | 55 (50.7–66) |
| Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scorec | 13 (5.5–16) | 7 (4.5–11.5) | 11 (4.5–14) |
| The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scored | 6 (5.5–7.5) | 5 (4.5–9) | 5 (4.5–7.5) |
| Fraction of inspired oxygen >50%, (%) | 5 (100) | 4 (100) | 5 (100) |
| Vasopressor agent support within 72 h of enrollment (%) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) |
| Acute Respiratory Support at the Time of Randomization (%) | |||
| Nasal cannula | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Face mask | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Reservoir mask | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation | 2 (40.0) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) |
| Invasive positive pressure Ventilation (endotracheal intubation) | 3 (60.0) | 3 (60.0) | 4 (80.0) |
| Peak expiratory flow (L/min) | 31 (28 –.) | 27 (26 –.) | 35 (28–42.75) |
| Plateau pressure (cm H2O) | 28 (26 –.) | 26 (26–26) | 30 (25–.) |
| Positive end-expiratory pressure (cm H2O) | 9 (7–.) | 10 (5–.) | 10.5 (10–12.5) |
| Pulmonary compliance (mL/cm H2O) | 32 (23–.) | 37.5 (33–.) | 30 (28–.) |
| Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) | 100 (100−100) | 100 (96.25–100) | 100 (97.5–100) |
| Peak inspiratory flow rate (L/min) | 60 (60–60) | 60 (60–60) | 60 (60 –.) |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) | 25(17–30) | 18 (18–.) | 26.5 (24.5–29.25) |
| White blood cell count (cells/μL) | 15,300 (10900–18,700) | 7500 (5000–11,850) | 10,450 (8425–10,975) |
| Lymphocyte count (cells/μL) | 610.1 (430.05–1105) | 712.5 (712.5–712.5) | 780 (523.2 –.) |
| Platelet count (cells/μL) | 195,000 (140500–226,000) | 188,000 (110500–265,500) | 197,000 (173500–274,000) |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 14 (1.6–16.6) | 14.65 (4.47–27) | 1.3 (1.11–8.45) |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (s) | 30 (27–33.5) | 27.5 (23.5–36) | 33 (29–43) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1 (0.8–1.15) | 0.8 (0.7–0.85) | 1 (0.8–1.05) |
| D-dimer (ng/mL) | 15,000 (7293–15,000) | 10,000 (6340.5–10,000) | 10,000 (7228.5–15,000) |
All data are medians (Q1, Q3) unless stated otherwise.
The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) is an index for the evaluation of the illness severity based on the 3 components of the acute physiology score, age, and chronic health status with the score ranging from 0 to 71. Higher scores show poorer outcomes.
The sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA) is used to assess organ function status in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) according to 6 components: the respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, coagulation, renal, and neurological systems.
P/F ratio, Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio. This index is a clinical indicator of hypoxemia and acute respiratory distress syndrome severity (ARDS severity: mild 200–300, moderate 100–200, and severe <100).