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. 2021 Dec 7;30(1):83–96.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.005

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© 2021 The Author(s)

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Wide variation in baseline hCCCoV antibody levels

(A–C) Samples from 1,202 individuals taken prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed by ELISA for (A) IgG, (B) IgM, and (C) IgA antibodies specific for spike proteins of OC43, HKU1, 229E, and NL63. Normalized ODs are presented, which is the percent ratio of the sample OD relative to the OD of the positive control of the plate. Negative control samples from young individuals in the FLU09 cohort are shown on the left for each antigen.

(D) The percent of individuals with a positive value for each isotype as determined by a normalized OD greater than three times the average of the negative controls.

(E) Clustered heatmap of Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the hCCCoV antibodies in baseline samples (n = 1,202). Asterisks indicate significant correlations after adjustment for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni correction (^∗p < 0.05).