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. 2021 Dec 6;12:6983. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27186-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Left panel shows the Holocene flora, middle the Anthropocene flora (based on recent extinctions and naturalizations) and right panel differences between Holocene and Anthropocene floras. a Schematic of the Anthropocene flora showing recent extinctions replaced by non-native naturalizations. b–d Spatial and temporal changes in species (α) diversity. e–g Spatial and temporal changes in observed phylogenetic (α) diversity. h–j Spatial and temporal changes in phylogenetic (α) diversity standardized for species richness (phylogenetic tip shuffling 1000 times). Species diversity was calculated as the numbers of species within 100 km × 100 km grid cells (see Supplementary Fig. 1 for a different spatial scale). Phylogenetic diversity (PD) was calculated in million years (myr) as the sum of all phylogenetic branch lengths for the set of species within each grid cell. Species richness was corrected for by calculating the standardized effective size of phylogenetic (α) diversity based on 1000 randomizations (see Methods). Maps are in Behrmann equal-area projection.