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. 2021 Dec 6;12:6983. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27186-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Left panel shows the Holocene flora, middle the Anthropocene flora (based on recent extinctions and naturalizations) and right panel differences in turnover (homogenization) between Holocene and Anthropocene epochs. a The geographic sampling unit within level 3 regional classification as defined by the Biodiversity Information Standards Taxonomic Databases Working Group (TDWG). b–d Spatial and temporal changes in turnover (β-diversity) in species diversity. e–g Spatial and temporal changes in turnover (β-diversity) in phylogenetic diversity. h–j Spatial and temporal changes in phylogenetic β-diversity standardized for species richness (phylogenetic tip shuffling 1000 times). Both species and phylogenetic turnover were calculated using Simpson’s metric of beta and phylogenetic beta diversity respectively, between 100 km × 100 km grid cells aggregated across level 3 TDWG biomes, a. Maps are in Behrmann equal-area projection.