Table 1.
Sample Demographic and Health Characteristics
| Variable | Total Observations N=4825 | High Self-Efficacy N=4417 (92%*) | Low Self-Efficacy N=408 (8%*) | P-value** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Age | 0.003 | ||||
| 65–69 | 1011 (31%) | 937 (31%) | 74 (27%) | ||
| 70–74 | 1100 (26%) | 1026 (27%) | 74 (22%) | ||
| 75–79 | 1016 (19%) | 920 (19%) | 96 (23%) | ||
| 80–84 | 926 (14%) | 850 (14%) | 76 (14%) | ||
| 85–89 | 479 (7%) | 430 (7%) | 49 (9%) | ||
| 90+ | 293 (3%) | 254 (3%) | 39 (5%) | ||
| Race/ Ethnicity | 0.12 | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 3512 (84%) | 3224 (85%) | 288 (80%) | ||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 960 (7%) | 880 (7%) | 80 (8%) | ||
| Hispanic | 236 (6%) | 206 (5%) | 30 (9%) | ||
| Other | 117 (3%) | 107 (3%) | 10 (3%) | ||
| Education | <0.001 | ||||
| < 8th grade | 446 (7%) | 387 (7%) | 59 (11%) | ||
| 9–12th No diploma | 614 (10%) | 563 (10%) | 51 (9%) | ||
| High school diploma | 1319 (27%) | 1190 (26%) | 129 (31%) | ||
| > High school | 2444 (56%) | 2275 (56%) | 169 (49%) | ||
| Sex | 0.034 | ||||
| Male | 2085 (45%) | 1929 (45%) | 156 (39%) | ||
| Female | 2740 (55%) | 2488 (55%) | 252 (61%) | ||
| Baseline Income | <0.001 | ||||
| <15k | 1180 (20%) | 1037 (19%) | 143 (30%) | ||
| 15k–30k | 1175 (22%) | 1069 (22%) | 106 (24%) | ||
| 30k–60k | 1292 (28%) | 1202 (28%) | 90 (24%) | ||
| >60k | 1178 (30%) | 1109 (31%) | 69 (21%) | ||
| Baseline Disability | <0.001 | ||||
| Fully able | 2082 (47%) | 1944 (48%) | 138 (37%) | ||
| Accommodate/reduced frequency | 2186 (43%) | 2014 (43%) | 172 (43%) | ||
| Difficulty | |198 (4%) | 163 (3%) | 35 (8%) | ||
| Need assistance | 359 (6%) | 296 (6%) | 63 (12%) | ||
| Disease Count | Mean (SD) | 2.18 (1.4) | 2.16 (1.38) | 2.42 (1.54) | <0.001 |
| Baseline Frailty | <0.001 | ||||
| Robust | 4825 (48%) | 1970 (49%) | 110 (33%) | ||
| Pre-Frail | 2745 (52%) | 2447 (51%) | 298 (67%) | ||
Notes: 1. N=4825 is number of non-frail complete cases and self-efficacy information at baseline. 2. N for education variable is 4823. 3. Chi-squared test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables are examined by self-efficacy. 4. Percentages, means, and SDs are weighted measures.
*
Weighted prevalence
**
P-value is testing the overall association between self-efficacy and each demographic factor.