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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Immunol. 2021 Aug 16;73:16–24. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.007

Table 1:

Mouse monocyte differentiation during inflammation

Inflammatory Environment	Cell type	Tissue	Signal or Mechanism	Example Markers	Functions and/or outcomes	Ref.
LPS in vivo	“Neutrophil-like” monocyte	BM, blood, spleen	LPS (unknown direct or indirect)	Ly6C^hi, CCR2^hi, CD115⁺, Elane, Prtn3, Ctsb, Serpinb1a, MPO	Primary granule proteases, microbicidal response	[9] [11]
CpG DNA in vivo	“DC-like” monocyte	BM, blood, spleen	CpG DNA (unknown direct or indirect)	Ly6C^hi, CCR2^hi, CD115⁺, CD11c⁺ MHCII^hi, CD86^hi, CD74, Flt3, CD209a	Antigen presentation genes	[9] [11]
GM-CSF	CD209a⁺ moDC monocyte progenitor	BM, blood	High levels of PU.1	CD115⁺,Ly6C^hi, MHCII⁺, CD209a⁺, FcγRIII⁺, PU.1^hi	DC-related genes and functions	[10]
LPS, L.m. infection	iNOS⁺ macrophage monocyte progenitor	BM, blood	Low levels of PU.1	CD115⁺, Ly6C^hi, FcgRIII⁺, CD209a,MHCII^-,PU.1^lo	Microbicidal response	[10]
Acute injury to bone marrow	HSCs → Myeloid differentiation	BM	Il-1β downstream of inflammasome activation	Mac-1, CD16/32, PU.1, GM-CSFR, M-CSFR, CD18	Leads to Mac-1⁺Gr-1^int pregranulocytes/ monocytes	[24]
Caspase-1 inhibition of mouse HSCs in vitro; Overexpression of ASC & Caspa, S. Tminfection^*	HSCs → GMP → MDPs → monocytes (and neutrophils) in mouse and zebrafish models;	Mouse BM; Zebrafish larvae	Caspase-1 cleavage of GATA-1	N/A	Myelopoiesis over erythropoiesis	[25]
L.m. infection	Tip-DCs	Spleen	Require NK cell-derived IFNγ	CD11b^int, CD11c^int, Mac-3^hi, TNF, iNOS, MHCII	Bacterial clearance, host survival	[26] [27] [28]
T. gondii infection	cMOP→ Ly6C^hiregulatory monocytes	SI lamina propria	lipid mediator PGE₂, Require IFNγ produced by NK cells	MHCII, Sca-1, CX₃CR1⁺⁺	Controls neutrophilic inflammation in the gut	[38] [39]
Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis	GMP→SatMs	Lung	Unknown	CD115, myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase	Promote pathogenic fibrosis	[41]
Chronic TLR7/TLR9 (SLE-MAS model), P. yoelii infection	Inflammatory hemophagocytes (iHPCs)	BM, spleen	Cell-intrinsic TLR7/9 & IRF5 (MAS), MyD88 & Unc93b1 (P. yoelii)	SpiC, CD11b^hi, CD31^hi, PDL2	Hemophagocytosis, contribute to anemia & thrombocytopenia in SLE-MAS disease model	[42]
Helicobacter hepaticusinduced colitis	Inflammatory macrophages	LI lamina propria	Require IRF5	CD11c⁺, MHCII⁺	Promote pathogenic intestinal inflammation	[35]
Chikungunya virus infection	Inflammatory macrophages	Lymph node	Require IRF5	CD11c⁺, MHCII⁺	Disrupt lymph node structure & B cell response	[29]
Atherosclerosis	Inflammatory macrophages	Aortic plaque	Require IRF5	CD11c⁺, MHCII⁺	Lesion development	[32]
DSS-induced colitis	Regulatory monocytes	BM, spleen, blood	GM-CSF and IL-3	Ly6C^hiYm1⁺	Promote tissue repair	[40]
Nod2-driven inflammation	Patrolling monocytes	BM, Vasculature	Muramyl dipeptide, unknown direct vs indirect	CD115⁺Ly6C^loCD43⁺LFA1⁺CX3CR1⁺ Nr4a1	Crawling on endothelium	[48]
Models of Lupus-like disease	Patrolling monocytes	Kidney vasculature	TLR7/9 & MyD88-dependent require Nod2	CD115⁺,Ly6C^lo, CD43^hi, F4/80^lo, Nr4a1, Cebpb,	Drive early glomerulonephritis	[49] [50]
TLR7-driven inflammation	Patrolling monocytes	Vasculature	Dll1-Notch2 signaling	CD115⁺,Ly6C^lo, CD43⁺, CD11c+, Nr4a1, Pou2f2	Crawling on endothelium, Endothelial repair	[51] [52]

^*

Zebrafish