TABLE 1.
Demographic changes over time for nursing home residents
| Year | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessments, n | 3,960,600 | 3,950,871 | 3,890,268 | 3,910,761 | 3,846,368 |
| Residents, n | 1,272,958 | 1,260,554 | 1,239,831 | 1,237,807 | 1,223,290 |
| Schizophrenia, % | 4.9% | 5.1% | 5.4% | 5.6% | 6.0% |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 83.8 (8.5) | 83.7 (8.6) | 83.6 (8.7) | 83.5 (8.8) | 83.3 (8.9) |
| Sex, % | |||||
| Female | 73.0 | 72.5 | 72.0 | 71.4 | 70.9 |
| Race, % | |||||
| Black | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.8 |
| Health-related characteristics | |||||
| ADL Scale Score, mean (SD) | 16.9 (7.5) | 17.1 (7.2) | 17.1 (7.0) | 17.1 (6.8) | 17.1 (6.6) |
| CHESS Scale Score, mean (SD) | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.9) |
| ADRD, % | 63.3 | 63.8 | 63.6 | 63.4 | 62.6 |
| Agitated and Reactive Behavior Scale Score, mean (SD) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.4 (1.1) |
Note: SD, standard deviation. ADL, activities of daily living: A scale score ranging from 0, complete independence to 5, total dependence, created by summing seven ADL items on a scale from 0–4 (with 0 = complete independence and 4 = total dependence for each item).25 CHESS, Changes in Health, End-stage disease and Symptoms and Signs: A predictive scale score ranges from 0, most stable to 5, or least stable.26 To measure the behavioral expressions of dementia, we use the Agitated and Reactive Behavior Scale (ARBS) to evaluate resident agitation and resistance to care.27 The ARBS score ranges from 0 to 12, where 0 represents no behaviors and 12 represents severe behaviors.