Table 1.
Deaths and DALYs for IHD Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors, and PAF Both Globally and in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries in 2019
| Low‐income | Lower‐middle | Upper‐middle | Globally | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Attributable number (in thousand) (95% UI*) |
PAF (%) (95% UI) | Rank |
Attributable number (in thousand) (95% UI*) |
PAF (%) (95% UI) | Rank |
Attributable number (in thousand) (95% UI*) |
PAF (%) (95% UI) | Rank |
Attributable number (in thousand) (95% UI*) |
PAF (%) (95% UI) | Rank | |
| Death | ||||||||||||
| Environmental/occupational risks |
128.5 (106.9 to 153.0) |
41.7 (38.1 to 45.9) |
1192.8 (1040.6 to 1350.6) |
35.2 (32.0 to 38.2) |
1017.8 (865.2 to 1181.2) |
27.8 (24.7 to 31.0) |
2615.8 (2296.2 to 2939.7) |
28.6 (25.8 to 31.6) |
||||
| Air pollution |
106.5 (87.8 to 127.6) |
34.6 (31.2 to 39.0) |
928.0 (804.2 to 1049.6) |
27.4 (25.0 to 30.0) |
689.5 (580.2 to 802.0) |
18.8 (16.6 to 21.1) |
1843.2 (1605.7 to 2080.5) |
20.2 (17.9 to 22.4) |
||||
| Particulate matter pollution |
106.5 (87.8 to 127.6) |
34.6 (31.2 to 39.0) |
928.0 (804.2 to 1049.6) |
27.4 (25.0 to 30.0) |
689.5 (580.2 to 802.0) |
18.8 (16.6 to 21.1) |
1843.2 (1605.7 to 2080.5) |
20.2 (17.9 to 22.4) |
||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution |
22.6 (13.1 to 35.2) |
7.4 (4.2 to 11.2) |
11 |
612.9 (483.3 to 737.3) |
18.1 (14.8 to 21.2) |
4 |
580.2 (477.3 to 686.4) |
15.8 (13.5 to 18.0) |
7 |
1332.0 1086.9 to 1557.2) |
14.6 (12.2 to 16.7) |
7 |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels |
83.9 (63.4 to 108.2) |
27.2 (21.8 to 33.6) |
3 |
315.1 (211.8 to 440.1) |
9.3 (6.4 to 12.8) |
10 |
109.2 (55.5 to 186.3) |
3.0 (1.5 to 5.1) |
21 |
511.2 (348.4 to 714.6) |
5.6 (3.8 to 7.8) |
14 |
| Suboptimal temperature |
16.5 (9.4 to 22.5) |
5.4 (2.9 to 7.1) |
173.9 (88.0 to 234.8) |
5.1 (2.7 to 6.8) |
269.6 (186.8 to 364.4) |
7.4 (5.2 to 9.9) |
596.8 (414.3 to 763.3) |
6.5 (4.6 to 8.3) |
||||
| High temperature |
2.1 (−4.2 to 4.6) |
0.7 (−1.3 to 1.5) |
26 |
29.2 (−39.0 to 70.9) |
0.9 (−1.2 to 2.1) |
26 |
8.8 (−3.4 to 17.9) |
0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) |
26 |
43.3 (−42.1 to 95.3) |
0.5 (−0.5 to 1.0) |
26 |
| Low temperature |
14.5 (9.6 to 19.8) |
4.7 (3.2 to 6.2) |
18 |
145.8 (94.9 to 195.6) |
4.3 (2.8 to 5.7) |
21 |
261.5 (176.8 to 358.7) |
7.1 (4.9 to 9.6) |
11 |
555.5 (391.6 to 721.3) |
6.1 (4.4 to 7.9) |
12 |
| Other environmental risks |
18.2 (11.4 to 26.5) |
5.9 (3.8 to 8.3) |
207.1 (133.2 to 292.4) |
6.1 (4.1 to 8.3) |
153.2 (87.3 to 235.9) |
4.2 (2.4 to 6.3) |
413.0 (242.8 to 615.7) |
4.5 (2.7 to 6.6) |
||||
| Lead exposure |
18.2 (11.4 to 26.5) |
5.9 (3.8 to 8.3) |
14 |
207.1 (133.2 to 292.4) |
6.1 (4.1 to 8.3) |
15 |
153.2 (87.3 to 235.9) |
4.2 (2.4 to 6.3) |
17 |
413.0 (242.8 to 615.7) |
4.5 (2.7 to 6.6) |
17 |
| Behavioral risks |
189.2 (154.9 to 228.1) |
61.5 (54.1 to 68.1) |
2215.5 (1932.4 to 2499.4) |
65.4 (58.7 to 71.0) |
2383.8 (2049.0 to 2701.1) |
65.1 (58.5 to 71.1) |
5896.9 (5170.3 to 6632.0) |
64.5 (57.8 to 70.6) |
||||
| Tobacco |
48.6 (41.1 to 57.0) |
15.8 (14.6 to 17.1) |
734.7 (656.5 to 807.9) |
21.7 (20.5 to 22.9) |
887.2 (795.7 to 988.6) |
24.2 (22.8 to 25.8) |
1998.2 (1840.4 to 2155.8) |
21.9 (20.8. 23.1) |
||||
| Smoking |
39.4 (33.4 to 46.3) |
12.8 (11.8 to 13.9) |
7 |
597.7 (537.0 to 658.1) |
17.7 (16.7 to 18.7) |
6 |
748.4 (670.6 to 831.6) |
20.4 (19.1 to 21.9) |
4 |
1682.0 (1558.4 to 1805.3) |
18.4 (17.5 to 19.5) |
4 |
| Secondhand smoke |
10.9 (8.4 to 13.8) |
3.6 (2.9 to 4.3) |
21 |
166.5 (134.0 to 201.7) |
4.9 (4.0 to 5.9) |
18 |
178.1 (141.4 to 217.5) |
4.9 (4.0 to 5.8) |
16 |
397.4 (319.9 to 477.6) |
4.3 (3.6 to 5.2) |
18 |
| Alcohol use |
−5.4 (−9.4 to −1.5) |
−1.8 (−3.0 to −0.5) |
27 |
−30.8 (−65.3 to 5.5) |
−0.9 (−2.0 to 0.2) |
27 |
−34.9 (−98.1 to 27.1) |
−1.0 (−2.6 to 0.7) |
27 |
−108.0 (−252.6 to 36.5) |
−1.2 (−2.8 to 0.4) |
27 |
| Dietary risks |
166.6 (130.2 to 206.4) |
54.1 (45.0 to 62.4) |
1857.1 (1523.7 to 2170.3) |
54.9 (45.7 to 62.4) |
1925.4 (1547.2 to 2307.2) |
52.6 (43.3 to 60.9) |
4877.1 (3990.6 to 5749.3) |
53.4 (44.2 to 61.2) |
||||
| Diet low in fruits |
19.2 (7.7 to 29.4) |
6.2 (2.6 to 9.0) |
13 |
222.4 (98.5 to 323.8) |
6.6 (2.9 to 9.4) |
13 |
131.3 (45.3 to 210.1) |
3.6 (1.2 to 5.6) |
19 |
436.5 (179.4 to 659.3) |
4.8 (1.9 to 7.1) |
16 |
| Diet low in vegetables |
26.9 (16.5 to 37.6) |
8.7 (5.5 to 11.9) |
10 |
192.7 (106.2 to 277.2) |
5.7 (3.2 to 8.0) |
16 |
75.5 (38.5 to 108.4) |
2.1 (1.1 to 3.0) |
24 |
358.3 (195.9 to 513.6) |
3.9 (2.1 to 5.6) |
19 |
| Diet low in legumes |
36.6 (8.4 to 61.9) |
11.9 (2.8 to 19.3) |
8 |
441.0 (99.5 to 723.4) |
13.0 (3.0 to 21.0) |
8 |
410.6 (85.8 to 660.6) |
11.2 (2.3 to 18.1) |
10 |
1116.4 (252.0 to 1815.3) |
12.2 (2.8 to 19.7) |
9 |
| Diet low in whole grains |
50.2 (19.2 to 67.9) |
16.3 (6.2 to 21.5) |
5 |
540.9 (213.2 to 711.1) |
16.0 (6.2 to 20.9) |
7 |
594.3 (219.6 to 781.5) |
16.2 (5.9 to 21.1) |
6 |
1459.1 (550.8 to 1908.0) |
16.0 (6.0 to 20.8) |
6 |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds |
16.4 (8.7 to 23.2) |
5.3 (2.8 to 7.3) |
16 |
263.3 (149.3 to 352.0) |
7.8 (4.4 to 10.3) |
12 |
189.9 (83.7 to 278.7) |
5.2 (2.3 to 7.5) |
14 |
546.6 (279.3 to 757.4) |
6.0 (3.1 to 8.2) |
13 |
| Diet high in processed meat |
3.8 (0.7 to 10.8) |
1.2 (0.2 to 3.4) |
25 |
46.9 (21.0 to 91.1) |
1.4 (0.6 to 2.7) |
25 |
63.8 (12.1 to 132.4) |
1.7 (0.3 to 3.6) |
25 |
197.2 (47.0 to 377.6) |
2.2 (0.5 to 4.2) |
24 |
| Diet high in sugar‐sweetened beverages |
7.2 (5.6 to 9.0) |
2.3 (1.9 to 2.8) |
24 |
62.5 (44.0 to 79.6) |
1.8 (1.3 to 2.3) |
24 |
80.8 (54.2 to 104.8) |
2.2 (1.5 to 2.8) |
23 |
193.1 (127.4 to 248.5) |
2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) |
25 |
| Diet low in fiber |
11.4 (4.6 to 19.0) |
3.7 (1.5 to 6.2) |
20 |
166.6 (74.4 to 269.9) |
4.9 (2.2 to 7.7) |
19 |
96.9 (37.4 to 171.7) |
2.6 (1.0 to 4.6) |
22 |
348.9 (147.6 to 568.3) |
3.8 (1.6 to 6.2) |
21 |
| Diet low in seafood omega‐3 fatty acids |
12.5 (4.1 to 17.7) |
4.1 (1.3 to 5.5) |
19 |
136.3 (52.0 to 184.5) |
4.0 (1.6 to 5.3) |
22 |
132.7 (69.4 to 172.5) |
3.6 (1.9 to 4.5) |
18 |
337.3 (165.6 to 435.7) |
3.7 (1.8 to 4.7) |
23 |
| Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
14.8 (2.1 to 29.9) |
4.8 (0.7 to 9.6) |
17 |
166.7 (19.5 to 340.4) |
4.9 (0.6 to 7.7) |
17 |
130.3 (16.7 to 268.8) |
3.6 (0.4 to 7.3) |
20 |
346.2 (44.2 to 707.3) |
3.8 (0.5 to 7.7) |
22 |
| Diet high in trans fatty acids |
16.7 (2.7 to 26.1) |
5.4 (0.8 to 8.3) |
15 |
269.4 (31.6 to 371.7) |
8.0 (1.0 to 10.7) |
11 |
218.5 (28.3 to 308.9) |
6.0 (0.8 to 8.4) |
12 |
645.0 (75.9 to 882.3) |
7.1 (0.8 to 9.5) |
11 |
| Diet high in sodium |
21.9 2.3 59.3 |
7.1 (0.8 to 19.6) |
12 |
215.7 (24.6 to 564.6) |
6.4 (0.7 to 16.6) |
14 |
431.5 (138.9 to 855.3) |
11.8 (3.9 to 23.3) |
9 |
777.2 (185.3 to 1773.1) |
8.5 (2.1 to 19.4) |
10 |
| Diet high in red meat |
7.5 (0.7 to 15.2) |
2.4 (0.2 to 4.6) |
23 |
69.8 (9.2 to 133.3) |
2.1 (0.3 to 3.9) |
23 |
180.2 (29.7 to 337.6) |
4.9 (0.8 to 9.1) |
15 |
351.2 (55.9 to 642.7) |
3.8 (0.6 to 7.1) |
20 |
| Low physical activity |
10.8 (3.7 to 25.3) |
3.5 (1.2 to 8.0) |
22 |
154.5 (57.1 to 331.7) |
4.6 (1.7 to 9.5) |
20 |
205.8 (74.8 to 417.3) |
5.6 (2.1 to 11.4) |
13 |
486.8 (175.7 to 1003.3) |
5.3 (1.9 to 11.0) |
15 |
| Metabolic risks |
242.1 (201.4 to 285.5) |
78.6 (72.2 to 85.0) |
2806.8 (2475.5, to3126.9) |
82.9 (76.9 to 88.7) |
2999.1 (2627.5 to 3339.7) |
81.9 (74.8 to 88.3) |
7526.9 (6657.2 to 8311.7) |
82.4 (75.7 to 88.5) |
||||
| High systolic blood pressure |
161.3 (126.5 to 198.8) |
52.4 (44.3 to 60.3) |
1 |
1856.1 (1533.8 to 2194.9) |
54.8 (46.7 to 63.2) |
1 |
1964.3 (1553.3 to 2381.2) |
53.6 (42.9 to 63.7) |
1 |
4861.6 (3927.2 to 5853.4) |
53.2 (43.4 to 62.8) |
1 |
| High LDL cholesterol |
114.8 (85.3 to 148.8) |
37.3 (29.1 to 46.1) |
2 |
1374.2 (1064.8 to 1717.1) |
40.6 (32.3 to 49.5) |
2 |
1549.5 (1141.7 to 1988.3) |
42.3 (31.6 to 53.6) |
2 |
3784.3 (2826.6 to 4824.7) |
41.4 (31.5 to 52.1) |
2 |
| High fasting plasma glucose |
68.8 (40.5 to 109.7) |
22.4 (13.3 to 35.2) |
4 |
923.2 (545.5 to 1439.0) |
27.3 (16.6 to 42.3) |
3 |
810.1 (460.6 to 1292.0) |
22.1 (12.7 to 34.5) |
3 |
2353.4 (1361.2 to 3701.9) |
25.8 (15.0 to 40.3) |
3 |
| High body‐mass index |
40.8 (21.1 to 66.0) |
13.2 (7.3 to 20.8) |
6 |
609.6 (381.9 to 866.3) |
18.0 (11.4 to 25.5) |
5 |
648.1 (373.1 to 989.5) |
17.7 (10.2 to 26.7) |
5 |
1662.3 (1005.2 to 2462.3) |
18.2 (11.0 to 26.6) |
5 |
| Impaired kidney function |
30.9 (20.7 to 43.0) |
10.1 (7.0 to 13.3) |
9 |
433.2 (290.1 to 582.4) |
12.8 (8.7 to 17.2) |
9 |
486.7 (328.1 to 658.2) |
13.3 (9.0 to 17.7) |
8 |
1220.8 (825.0 to 1631.3) |
13.4 (9.1 to 17.7) |
8 |
| All risk factors |
284.6 (243.5 to 330.1) |
92.5 (90.0 to 94.7) |
3187.4 (2890.3 to 3480.1) |
94.2 (91.9 to 96.2) |
3416.8 (3070.0 to 3713.7) |
93.3 (90.4 to 95.8) |
8542.4 (7811.7 to 9142.3) |
93.5 (90.8 to 95.9) |
||||
| DALYs | ||||||||||||
| Environmental/occupational risks |
3300.5 (2726.0 to 3891.1) |
44.8 (41.2 to 48.9) |
30721.3 (26771.0 to 34744.1) |
38.7 (35.4 to 41.9) |
20772.7 (17712.1 to 23952.4) |
30.4 (27.2 to 33.8) |
59385.1 (52184.3 to 66601.1) |
32.6 (29.6 to 35.7) |
||||
| Air pollution |
2813.5 (2315.5 to 3335.0) |
38.2 (34.8 to 42.4) |
25012.2 (21855.3 to 28481.5) |
31.5 (28.8 to 34.4) |
15157.3 (12859.2 to 17550.5) |
22.2 (19.6 to 24.7) |
45354.4 (39644.7 to 51231.6) |
24.9 (22.4 to 27.5) |
||||
| Particulate matter pollution |
2813.5 (2315.5 to 3335.0) |
38.2 (34.8 to 42.4) |
25012.2 (21855.3 to 28481.5) |
31.5 (28.8 to 34.4) |
15157.3 (12859.2 to 17550.5) |
22.2 (19.6 to 24.7) |
45354.4 (39644.7 to 51231.6) |
24.9 (22.4 to 27.5) |
||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution |
601.6 (342.4 to 947.2) |
8.2 (4.7 to 12.6) |
11 |
16464.4 (13034.7 to 19837.8) |
20.7 (16.8 to 24.3) |
6 |
12794.4 (10582.3 to 14939.8) |
18.7 (15.9 to 21.3) |
6 |
32174.3 (26024.8 to 37713.8) |
17.7 (14.7 to 20.3) |
7 |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels |
2211.9 (1672.1 to 2843.7) |
30.0 (24.1 to 36.3) |
3 |
8547.7 (5725.1 to 11894.2) |
10.8 (7.4 to 14.6) |
10 |
2362.9 (1208.0 to 4010.8) |
3.5 (1.8 to 5.9) |
21 |
13180.1 (9051.4 to 18251.8) |
7.2 (5.0 to 9.9) |
12 |
| Suboptimal temperature |
388.1 (218.2 to 523.4) |
5.3 (3.0 to 6.9) |
3990.4 1918.9 5495.2 |
5.0 (2.4 to 6.7) |
4781.8 (3304.4 to 6505.7) |
7.0 (4.8 to 9.4) |
11147.2 (7627.1 to 14343.2) |
6.1 (4.2 to 7.8) |
||||
| High temperature |
47.8 (−96.5 to 105.8) |
0.6 (−1.2 to 1.5) |
26 |
705.5 (−915.8 to 1714.1) |
0.9 (−1.2 to 2.2) |
26 |
157.2 (−86.5 to 330.0) |
0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) |
26 |
974.0 (−1054.9 to 2209.6) |
0.5 (−0.6 to 1.2) |
26 |
| Low temperature |
341.9 (228.7 to 468.1) |
4.6 (3.2 to 6.1) |
18 |
3312.3 2105.0 4492.3 |
4.2 (2.6 to 5.6) |
21 |
4635.8 (3120.5 to 6410.8) |
6.8 (4.6 to 9.1) |
11 |
10217.6 (7285.5 to 13306.5) |
5.6 (4.1 to 7.2) |
15 |
| Other environmental risks |
425.4 (261.0 to 619.3) |
5.8 (3.6 to 8.1) |
4701.7 2940.5 6647.4 |
5.9 (3.8 to 8.1) |
2757.5 (1509.1 to4281.4) |
4.0 (2.3 to 6.1) |
8368.7 (4896.4 to 12449.2) |
4.6 (2.7 to 6.7) |
||||
| Lead exposure |
425.4 (261.0 to 619.3) |
5.8 (3.6 to 8.1) |
16 |
4701.7 (2940.5 to6647.4) |
5.9 (3.8 to 8.1) |
16 |
2757.5 (1509.1 to 4281.4) |
4.0 (2.3 to 6.1) |
17 |
8368.7 (4896.4 to 12449.2) |
4.6 (2.7 to 6.7) |
18 |
| Behavioral risks |
4784.8 (3921.8 to 5724.2) |
64.9 (57.7 to 71.1) |
54996.6 (48292.3 to 61648.7) |
69.2 (62.8 to 74.3) |
47858.7 (42009.4 to 53511.3) |
70.1 (64.0 to 75.5) |
125894.2 (112086.3 to 139552.4) |
69.2 (63.1 to 74.4) |
||||
| Tobacco |
1403.2 (1172.6 to 1668.1) |
19.0 (17.7 to 20.5) |
20564.6 (18373.1 to 22653.2) |
25.9 (24.5 to 27.2) |
21426.4 (19287.7 to 23852.1) |
31.4 (29.9 to 33.0) |
50725.1 (46709.8 to 54647.3) |
27.9 (26.6 to 29.1) |
||||
| Smoking |
1148.2 (964.4 to 1374.8) |
15.6 (14.5 to 16.8) |
7 |
16962.1 (15179.7 to 18813.4) |
21.4 (20.1 to 22.6) |
5 |
18621.4 (16634.7 to 20751.6) |
27.3 (25.7 to 28.8) |
3 |
43452.8 (40296.9 to 46783.9) |
23.9 (22.8 to 25.0) |
3 |
| Secondhand smoke |
307.9 (231.0 to 392.7) |
4.2 (3.3 to 5.1) |
21 |
4491.7 (3573.1 to 5449.7) |
5.7 (4.6 to 6.8) |
17 |
3854.6 (3089.9 to 4686.1) |
5.6 (4.6 to 6.7) |
14 |
9566.1 (7720.3 to 11527.1) |
5.3 (4.3 to 6.3) |
16 |
| Alcohol use |
−136.9 (−243.4 to −32.4) |
−1.9 (−3.2 to −0.5) |
27 |
−698.2 (−1622.1 to 298.1) |
−0.9 (−2.1 to 0.4) |
27 |
−634.9 (−2086.6 to 792.4 |
−0.9 (−3.0 to 1.1) |
27 |
−2002.9 (−5192.2 to 1210.8) |
−1.1 (−2.9 to 0.7) |
27 |
| Dietary risks |
4213.4 (3296.8 to 5165.6) |
57.2 (48.1 to 65.1) |
46290.8 (38413.0 to 53808.3) |
58.3 (49.0 to 65.5) |
38471.5 (31383.3 to 45528.6) |
56.3 (46.9 to 64.5) |
103864.0 (86829.0 to 120418.9) |
57.1 (47.9 to 64.8) |
||||
| Diet low in fruits |
518.4 (208.4 to 792.6) |
7.0 (2.9 to 10.2) |
12 |
5923.0 (2616.3 to8617.0) |
7.5 (3.3 to 10.7) |
13 |
2717.2 (915.5 to 4311.2) |
4.0 (1.4 to 6.2) |
18 |
10233.4 (4241.4 to 15123.4) |
5.6 (2.3 to 8.2) |
14 |
| Diet low in vegetables |
720.9 (443.5 to 1002.4) |
9.8 (6.2 to 13.3) |
9 |
5119.0 (2810.4 to 7417.4) |
6.4 (3.6 to 9.1) |
15 |
1533.5 (789.5 to 2187.0) |
2.2 (1.2 to 3.3) |
24 |
8383.0 (4666.2 to 11970.2) |
4.6 (2.5 to 6.5) |
17 |
| Diet low in legumes |
975.6 (231.5 to 1654.5) |
13.2 (3.2 to 21.3) |
8 |
11339.7 (2493.7 to 18438.0) |
14.3 (3.2 to 22.9) |
8 |
8260.5 (1689.8 to 13358.6) |
12.1 (2.5 to 19.5) |
10 |
24309.0 (5263.1 to 39575.3) |
13.4 (3.0 to 21.4) |
8 |
| Diet low in whole grains |
1350.1 (513.8 to 1827.9) |
18.4 (6.9 to 24.0) |
5 |
13949.2 (5491.1 to 18410.2) |
17.6 (6.9 to 22.9) |
7 |
12342.6 (4516.7 to 16125.6) |
18.1 (6.6 to 23.4) |
7 |
32206.5 (12173.3 to 41835.0) |
17.7 (6.6 to 23.0) |
6 |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds |
431.7 (226.7 to 615.4) |
5.9 (3.0 to 8.0) |
15 |
6949.0 (3937.4 to 9314.8) |
8.7 (5.0 to 11.6) |
12 |
3753.1 (1692.1 to 5540.0) |
5.5 (2.5 to 7.9) |
15 |
12279.0 (6364.3 to 16919.1) |
6.7 (3.5 to 9.2) |
13 |
| Diet high in processed meat |
105.6 (16.3 to 300.2) |
1.4 (0.2 to 3.9) |
25 |
1226.6 (525.7 to 2397.6) |
1.5 (0.7 to 3.0) |
25 |
1336.9 (223.1 to 2883.4) |
2.0 (0.3 to 4.2) |
25 |
4141.9 (998.6 to 8024.1) |
2.3 (0.6 to 4.4) |
24 |
| Diet high in sugar‐sweetened beverages |
168.0 (127.3 to 216.6) |
2.3 (1.8 to 2.7) |
24 |
1503.0 (993.6 to 1975.7) |
1.9 (1.2 to 2.4) |
24 |
1555.2 (969.0 to 2053.0) |
2.3 (1.5 to 2.9) |
23 |
3973.2 (2470.2 to 5218.8) |
2.2 (1.4 to 2.8) |
25 |
| Diet low in fiber |
316.0 (128.3 to 529.4) |
4.3 (1.7 to 7.2) |
20 |
4429.8 (1985.5 to 7167.9) |
5.6 (2.5 to 8.7) |
18 |
2066.6 (794.0 to 3639.4) |
3.0 (1.2 to 5.2) |
22 |
7943.0 (3373.6 to 12978.3) |
4.4 (1.8 to 7.0) |
20 |
| Diet low in seafood omega‐3 fatty acids |
328.7 (105.9 to 472.3) |
4.5 (1.4 to 6.0) |
19 |
3517.8 (1291.9 to 4779.0) |
4.4 (1.7 to 5.8) |
20 |
2674.9 (1377.4 to 3509.5) |
3.9 (2.0 to 4.9) |
19 |
7409.7 (3373.5 to 9687.0) |
4.1 (1.9 to 5.2) |
23 |
| Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
396.0 (55.5 to 801.0) |
5.4 (0.7 to 10.8) |
17 |
4391.7 (494.1 to 8939.9) |
5.5 (0.6 to 11.2) |
19 |
2668.7 (327.0 to 5462.1) |
3.9 (0.4 to 8.1) |
20 |
8012.9 (969.2 to 16249.2) |
4.4 (0.5 to 9.0) |
19 |
| Diet high in trans fatty acids |
434.8 (62.8 to 681.0) |
5.9 (0.8 to 8.9) |
14 |
7026.9 (757.7 to 9634.3) |
8.8 (1.0 to 11.8) |
11 |
4442.8 (536.2 to 6299.3) |
6.5 (0.8 to 9.0) |
12 |
14234.2 (1580.4 to 19410.2) |
7.8 (0.9 to 10.5) |
11 |
| Diet high in sodium |
502.1 (56.5 to 1380.9) |
6.8 (0.8 to 18.9) |
13 |
5506.2 (664.7 to 13883.1) |
6.9 (0.9 to 17.4) |
14 |
9534.4 (3583.9 to 17346.5) |
13.9 (5.4 to 25.3) |
8 |
17353.9 (4712.3 to 36861.5) |
9.5 (2.6 to 20.3) |
10 |
| Diet high in red meat |
210.9 (16.0 to 431.0) |
2.8 (0.2 to 5.5) |
23 |
1811.2 (227.0 to 3476.8) |
2.3 (0.3 to 4.3) |
23 |
4041.5 (763.0 to 7352.2) |
5.9 (1.1 to 10.7) |
13 |
7742.3 (1340.0 to 14077.7) |
4.3 (0.7 to 7.6) |
21 |
| Low physical activity |
216.5 (67.2 to 553.9) |
2.9 (0.9 to 7.1) |
22 |
2834.7 (993.2 to 6465.1) |
3.6 (1.2 to 7.9) |
22 |
3044.1 (1062.3 to 6572.4) |
4.5 (1.6 to 9.5) |
16 |
7586.7 (2613.5 to 16747.2) |
4.2 (1.4 to 9.1) |
22 |
| Metabolic risks |
5904.1 (4880.7 to 6982.1) |
80.1 (74.5 to 85.4) |
66864.3 (59824.9 to 74118.4) |
84.2 (79.2 to 88.9) |
57478.9 (51676.0 to 63447.9) |
84.2 (78.7 to 89.3) |
153132.1 (138737.4 to 166795.4) |
84.1 (78.9 to 89.1) |
||||
| High systolic blood pressure |
3913.3 (3136.6 to 4793.8) |
53.1 (46.1 to 60.0) |
1 |
43855.4 (37223.2 to 50863.4) |
55.2 (47.7 to 62.2) |
1 |
37876.8 31625.1 44054.7 |
55.5 (47.2 to 63.4) |
1 |
99397.3 (84594.0 to 114599.3) |
54.6 (46.8 to 61.9) |
1 |
| High LDL cholesterol |
3167.6 (2445.5 to 3988.7) |
43.0 (35.7 to 51.1) |
2 |
36744.1 (29932.5 to 44167.9) |
46.2 (38.6 to 54.3) |
2 |
32561.5 (26484.5 to 39434.1) |
47.7 (39.1 to 56.8) |
2 |
84916.4 (69572.6 to 101382.5) |
46.6 (38.5 to 55.0) |
2 |
| High fasting plasma glucose |
1440.5 (914.6 to 2200.2) |
19.6 (12.3 to 30.1) |
4 |
19480.1 (12178.0 to 29165.7) |
24.5 (15.4 to 36.9) |
3 |
14266.4 (9167.9 to 21592.5) |
20.9 (13.6 to 31.5) |
5 |
43253.3 (27821.4 to 64164.6) |
23.8 (15.3 to 35.8) |
4 |
| High body mass index |
1212.4 (647.1 to 1923.3) |
16.4 (9.2 to 25.1) |
6 |
17398.3 (11114.2 to 24277.4) |
21.9 (14.2 to 30.3) |
4 |
15459.8 (9247.1 to 22706.6) |
22.6 (13.6 to 32.9) |
4 |
41369.8 (26027.7 to 58657.9) |
22.7 (14.6 to 32.0) |
5 |
| Impaired kidney function |
690.0 (467.3 to 943.4) |
9.4 (6.7 to 12.2) |
10 |
9646.1 (6657.7 to 12773.4) |
12.1 (8.5 to 16.0) |
9 |
8606.5 (5994.3 to 11537.3) |
12.6 (8.9 to 16.4) |
9 |
22516.9 (15811.0 to 29665.1) |
12.4 (8.8 to 16.1) |
9 |
| All risk factors |
6851.9 (5826.9 to 7984.3) |
93.0 (91.1 to 94.7) |
75243.9 (68129.9 to 82384.2) |
94.7 (93.1 to 96.1) |
64607.6 (58844.1 to 70173.0) |
94.6 (92.6 to 96.3) |
172100.0 (160171.2 to 184131.0) |
94.5 (92.7 to 96.2) |
||||
DALYs indicates disability‐adjusted life years; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; and PAF, population‐attributable fraction. Deaths‐ and DALY‐based PAFs were ranked for 27 individual risk factors at level 4.
The number ranges in parentheses refers to 95% uncertainty intervals of corresponding numbers. *UI: uncertainty interval.