Table 2.
Ride-sharing definitions within literature
| Literature | Year | Location | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abrahamse and Keall [1] | 2012 | N. Zealand | Carpooling is defined as the shared use of a private vehicle by the driver and one or more passengers (replacing the use of one or more other vehicles), generally for the purpose of commuting to and from work |
| Agatz et al. [2] | 2011 | US | Ride-sharing refers to a system where an automated process employed by a ride-share provider matches up drivers and riders on very short notice, which can range from a few minutes to a few hours before departure time |
| Brownstone and Golob [11] | 1992 | US | Carpooling (hereafter called ride-sharing) is defined in the Southern California sense as two or more occupants per vehicle |
| Chan and Shaheen [20] | 2012 | US | Ride-sharing is the grouping of travellers into common trips by car or van. When a ride-sharing payment is collected, it partially covers the driver’s cost. It is not intended to result in a financial gain. Moreover, the driver has a common origin and/or destination with the passengers |
| Furuhata et al. [38] | 2013 | US | Ride-sharing refers to a mode of transportation in which individual travellers share a vehicle for a trip and split travel costs such as gas, toll, and parking fees with others that have similar itineraries and time schedules. Ride-sharing is a system that can combine the flexibility and speed of private cars with the reduced cost of fixed-line systems, at the expense of convenience |
| Gargiulo et al. [39] | 2015 | EU | Ride-sharing is the transportation of persons in a motor vehicle when such transportation is incidental to the principal purpose of the driver, which is to reach a destination and not to transport persons for profit |
| Guidotti et al. [45] | 2017 | EU | Carpooling is the act where two or more travellers share the same car for a common trip |
| Kladeftiras and Antoniou [55] | 2015 | EU (Greece) | Dynamic ride-sharing and traditional carpooling both involve pre-arrangements, but dynamic ride-sharing differs in the fact that the scheduling of the trip occurs in a case-by-case basis |
| Lee and Savelsbergh [57] | 2015 | US | Dynamic ride-sharing is a recent alternative in which people with similar travel plans are matched and travel together. Ride-sharing systems, where participants with similar travel itineraries are paired together |
| Nourinejad and Roorda [71] | 2016 | Canada | Dynamic ride-sharing involves a service provider that matches potential drivers and passengers with similar itineraries allowing them to travel together and share the costs. These services are dynamic in nature since users announce their participation at any time by either requesting a ride as a passenger or offering a ride as a driver |
| Shaheen and Cohen [82] | 2019 | US | Shared ride services allow riders to share a ride to a common destination. They include ride-sharing (carpooling and vanpooling); ride-splitting (a pooled version of ride-sourcing/transportation network companies); taxi sharing; and micro transit |
| Wang, Winter and Ronald [102] | 2017 | Australia | Ride-sharing is a mode of transportation where a driver takes passengers on a non-commercial, e.g., shared cost basis, for accompanied costs such as petrol |