Table 2.

Different phytochemical/herbal remedies and/or their extracts; bioactive compounds; specific anticoccidial properties and their effects exerted on poultry and the studied coccidian species.

Herbs	Bioactive compounds	Specific anticoccidial effects exerted in poultry	Studied coccidian species	Other beneficial effects	References
Acacia concinna	Saponins	Binds to the 4-sterol molecules on Eimeria cell membrane, as they disturbes the lipids in the parasite cell membrane. This affects the enzymatic activity and metabolism leading to cell death. Cell death then induces a toxic effect in mature enterocytes in the intestinal mucosa, causing sporozoite-infected cells to be released before the merozoite phase of the protozoa.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima	Enhances the nonspecific immunity. Improves the productive performance (daily body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio. Reduces the mortality rate. Decreases the fecal oocyst shedding. Reduces ammonia production.	(Wang et al., 1998; Cheeke, 2000; Alfaro et al., 2007).
Allium sativum (Garlic) Allium tripedale (Nectaroscordum tripedale)	Sulfur derivatives, allicin, alliin, ajoene, diallyl sulfide, dithiin, and allylcysteine	Hinder sporulation. However, the full anticoccidial mechanism of garlic and its sulfur derivatives are still ambiguous.	Eimeria tenella	Shows broad antimicrobial activity that reduces the deleterious effects of microbial infections.	(El-Khtam et al., 2014; Pourali et al., 2014; Alnassan et al., 2015; Habibi et al., 2016; Udo and Abba, 2018; Ali et al., 2019; Sidiropoulou et al., 2020).
	Propylthiosulfinate (PTS) and propylthiosulfinate oxide (PTSO)	-	-	Modulates the intestinal immunity through expression levels of 1227 intestinal lymphocytes. Stimulates the NF-B transcription factor, which plays a significant role in regulating the immune response upon infection. Shows antioxidant properties.	(Rose et al., 2005; Ogunlana et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2013b).
Aloe vera (Gavakava) A. secundiflora A. excelsa A. debrana A. pulcherrima A. excels A. spicata	Tannins Phlobatannins Saponin Flavonoids Trepenoids carbohydtrates	Tannins: Penetrates the coccidia's oocyst wall and destroy the cytoplasm, as they probably inactivate the endogenous enzymes responsible for the cycle of sporulation in chickens. Saponins: as mentioned above. Flavonoids and trepenoids: inhibits the invasion and replication of different species of coccidia. Aloe polysaccharide acemannan, bindsto the mannose receptor on macrophages, stimulating them to produce inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 through IL-6 and TNF- and eventually suppress coccidiosis as shown by higher weight gain and lower fecal oocyst counts.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima	Improves body weight gain and reduces mortality. Shows antioxidant and immunostimulatory properties.	(Molan et al., 2004; Mwale et al., 2006; Yim et al., 2011; Akhtar et al., 2012; Narsih and Wignyanto, 2012; Kheirabadi et al., 2014; Muthamilselvan et al., 2016; Kaingu et al. 2017; Isah et al., 2019; Desalegn and Ahmed 2020).
Artemisia annua (A. annua)	Artemisinin (anticoccidial)	Reduces the sporulation rate through minimizing the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase expression in macrogametes. This have a role in calcium homeostasis affecting the wall-forming bodies’ secretion, a calcium-dependent mechanism leading to inhibition of the oocyst wall formation process leading to oocyst defect wall and oocyst death. Expresses the formation of reactive oxygen species through iron-implicated peroxide complex degradation and promotes oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species inhibits sporulation directly and the formation of the cell wall in Eimeria species, resulting in life cycle interference. Reduces oocyst shedding in broiler chickens.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria acervulina	Improves feed conversion ratio and body weight gain.	(Del Cacho et al., 2010; Drăgan et al., 2010,2014; de Almeida et al., 2014; Kaboutari et al., 2014; Jiao et al., 2018)
	Leaf powder of A. annua	Protects chickens from pathological symptoms and mortality associated with Eimeria tenella infection and reduces the lesion score, and fecal oocyst output. The leaf powder was more efficient than the essential oil, which could be due to a lack of artemisinin in the oil, and to the greater antioxidant ability of A. annua leaves than the oils.	Eimeria tenella		(Ferreira et al., 2010)
	Ethanolic extract of A. annua (AE)	Preventive role is better than treatment.	Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix and Eimeria tenella	Improves body weight gain.	(Fatemi et al., 2017)
		The leaf extract was the most effective treatment to decrease the oocysts in chicken feces. Reduces the caecal lesion value.	Eimeria tenella	Keeps the packed cell volume at a regular stage.	(Jamshidi et al., 2014; Wiedosari and Wardhana, 2018)
	Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and phytochemicals of A. annua	Flavonoids have antioxidant capacity due to their redox activities. Some flavonoids work on the disturbance of protozoan parasites, and others are responsible for host-parasite interactions.		Maintains a healthy microflora and consumes large amounts of nitrogen. Commensal bacteria play an essential role in activating food digestion and nutrients absorption. Improves body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio. Promotes acquired and innate immune response in poultry.	(Brisbin et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2012a)
Artemisia herba-alba	Artemisinin; camphor; 1,8-cineole, tannins, and antioxidant compounds	Artemisinin slows down Eimeria reproduction. It decreases the sporulation and survival capability of the oocysts in the litter. The functional endoperoxide bridge of artemisinin induces oxidative stress by generating a cascade of free radicals (key point in the antiprotozoal activities of artemisinin and subsequently alkylation of proteins and lipid peroxidation). Artemisinin blocks the pro-inflammatory factors activated by the parasite.	Eimeria tenella	Protects infected broiler chickens from mortality and pathological symptoms. Reduces the cecal lesions in infected broiler chickens. Improves the hematological parameters and lowers the intensity of bloody diarrhea.	(Allen 1997; Meshnick, 2002; Del Cacho et al., 2010; Dragan et al., 2010; de Almeida et al., 2012; Zaman et al., 2012; Kaboutari et al., 2014; Kheirabadi et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020).
Artemisia sieberi A. asiatica	Artemisinin	Reduces oocyst counts in the infected broiler chickens.	Mixed suspension of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria maxima	Enhances body weight gain and reduces feed intake.	(Kheirabadi et al., 2014).
Astragalus membranaceus	Polysaccharides, flavonoids tannins and saponins	Enhances anticoccidial antibodies activity via increase in the cellular and humoral immunity.	Eimeria tenella	Shows anti-inflammatory characteristic and improves intestinal integrity.	(Guo et al., 2004; Abdel-Tawab et al., 2020).
Azadirachta indica (Neem)	Salinomycin and bioactive molecules such as azadirachtin limonoids, protolimonoids, tetranortriterpenoids, pentanortiterpenoids, hexanortriterpenoids, some nonterpenoid (anticoccidial)	Shows high efficacy against protozoan parasites (such as coccidian species).	Eimeria tenella	Shows high efficacy against bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. Shows antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.	(Donli and Buahin, 1998; Etuk et al., 2004; Abbas et al., 2006; Koul et al., 2006; Tipu et al., 2006).
Berberis lycium extracts Ageratum conyzoides Linum usitatissimum Vernonia amygdalina	Berberine N-3 fatty acids, flavonoids, and vernoside	Inhibits the Eimeria tenella sporozoites invasion into intestinal epithelial cells in poultry via oxidative stress induction (Reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species production). Oxidative stress is known to induce imbalance in the host of oxidant or antioxidant cells.	Eimeria tenella	Improves the growth of chicken without any toxicity. Shows antimicrobial activity.	(Allen, 1997; Danforth et al., 1997; Allen et al., 1998; Al-Fifi, 2007; Nweze and Obiwulu, 2009; Oyagbemi and Adejinmi, 2012; Malik et al., 2014).
Beta vulgaris (Sugar beet)	Betaine	Suppresses Eimeria developmental life cycle in the chicken's intestinal cells before oocysts are released in feces. Decreases Eimeria oocyst excretion and the severity of infection or indirectly by interaction with intestinal microflora blocking proinflammatory factors activated by the parasite. This enhances immunity and the resistance to infection. Decreases the risk of secondary bacterial infections. Reduces the severity of Eimeria infections by ameliorating the degree of intestinal lipid peroxidation. Stabilizes and assists the defense of the epithelial cells in which Eimeria multiply. Acts as osmolyte (maintains the water inside the epithelial cells decreasing diarrhea in coccidial infection).	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Improves gut health, integrity of cell membrane and increases digestibility. Improves the productive performance (daily body weight gain). Shows anticoccidial potential in dose dependent manner in terms of better feed conversion ratio, reduction in oocysts per gram of feces and lesion scores.	(Allen et al., 1998; Molan et al., 2009; Abbas et al., 2017).
Bidens pilosa	Unknown, as this plant is a rich source of phytochemicals, including 70 aliphatics, 60 flavonoids (e.g., (quercetin- 3,3-dimethoxy-7-0-rhamno-glucopyranose), 25 terpenoids, 19 phenylpropanoids, 13 aromatics, 8 porphyrins, and 6 other compounds.	Suppresses oocyst sporulation, sporozoite invasion, and schizonts in the life cycle.	Eimeria tenella	Enhances T cell-mediated immunity. Improves body weight gain, survival rate, fecal oocyst count, gut pathology, and decreases bloody diarrhea.	(Bartolome et al., 2013; Akram et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2015; Chang et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2019)
Camellia sinensis (Green tea) extracts	Polyphenolic compounds and selenium	Inhibits the enzymes responsible for coccidian sporulation.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Shows antioxidant properties.	(Jang et al., 2007; Ogunlana et al., 2008; Molan and Faraj, 2015).
Carica papaya	Papain Vitamin A	Prevents sporozoite invasion into intestinal epithelial cells. Shows proteolytic destruction of Eimeria by papain. Shows improvement in the intestinal epithelial cells by vitamin A.	Eimeria tenella	-	(Al-Fifi, 2007; Nghonjuyi et al., 2015; Dakpogan et al., 2018; Akhter et al., 2021).
Cinnamomum cassia	Cinnamaldehyde	Increases the T-cells and their cytokines inducing immunomodulation against Eimeria.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Enhances immunity. Improves body weight gain, survival rate, gut integrity, and decreases diarrhea.	(Lee et al., 2011; Orengo et al., 2012)
Commiphora swynnertonii	Phenolic compounds tannins, alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, and terpenes	Tannins and saponins shows anticoccidial effect.	Eimeria necarix, Eimeria tenella, and E. mitis	Reduces the mortality rate and oocysts counts.	(Hanuš et al., 2005; Max et al., 2009; Baghdadi and Al-Mathal, 2010; Bakari et al., 2012).
Curcuma longa (Turmeric)	Phenolic compounds (Curcumins or diferuloylmethane)	Inhibits the growth of Eimeria species at sporogony (destroy sporozoite) preventing sporozoite invasion into intestinal epithelial cells and merogony stages. Reduces oocyst shedding and gut lesions.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima	Increases body weight gain. Shows antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.	(Allen et al., 1998; Abbas et al., 2010, Abbas et al., 2011; Khalafalla et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2013a; Aljedaie and Al-Malki 2020).
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guar) bean	Saponins	Inhibits the growth of Eimeria species at sporogony (destroys sporozoite). Prevents sporozoite invasion into intestinal epithelial cells and merogony stages. Reduces oocyst shedding and gut lesions.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima	Enhances the nonspecific immunity. Improves the daily body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio. Reduces the mortality rate. Decreases the fecal oocyst shedding. Reduces ammonia production.	(Sánchez-Hernández et al., 2019).
Dichroa febrifuga (halofuginone)	Febrifugine is an alkaloid isolated from this plant, and its halogenated derivative, halofuginone	Shows coccidiostatic effect acting only at the early stages, about 0–72 h post inoculation, (sporozoites, schizonts and merozoites) of first and second generation of schizogony stages of E. tenella endogenous development. The halofuginone acts in inhibiting the adherence of the parasites and invasion of host intestinal hypothetical cells but remain unable to kill the parasites directly and thus only delay the development of Eimeria.	Eimeria tenella	Enhances immunity, especially T cell-mediated immunity. Improves body weight gain, survival rate, gut pathology, and decreases bloody diarrhea.	(Youn and Noh, 2001; Lillehoj et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2012a,b; Yang et al., 2015; Muthamilselvan et al., 2016).
Echinacea purpurea E. officinalis	Chicoric acid and tannins (pedunculagin)	-	Eimeria tenella	Shows an effective humoral immune response against coccidial infection in chickens.	(Allen, 2003; Kaleem et al., 2014).
Emblica officinalis	Tannins, akaloids, carbohydrates, polyphenolics, essential amino acids, and vitamins (high concentration of vitamin C), ellagitannin, gallic acid, emblicanin A, emblicanin B, ellagic acid, flavonoids and kaempferol	Shows coccidiocidal or coccidiostatic, in a concentration-dependent. Shows oocysticidal activity and inhibits sporulation. Tannins inhibits the development of the parasites life cycle.	Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria tenella	Shows higher daily body weight gain and lowers oocyst shedding. Promotes humoral and cellular immune response.	(Kaleem et al., 2014; Sharma et al., 2021).
Fomitella fraxinea (wood-rotting mushroom)	Fungal lectin.	Strengthens cellular and humoral immune responses of Eimeria species.	Eimeria acervulina	Shows immuno-stimulatory activity.	(Dalloul et al., 2006).
Fructus Meliae toosendan	Triterpenoids, steroids and limonoids.	Shows strong inhibitory properties against oocysts sporulation and increases the proportion of degenerated oocysts.	Eimeria tenella	Decreases the degree of bloody diarrhea and the output of oocysts. Enhances the relative weight gain rate and inhibits mortality. Improves the caecum intestinal microflora. Reduces the colonization of secondary bacterial infections or oocysts of E. tenella in the intestinal tract. Enhances the immune function of chickens.	(Wu et al. 2010; Zhang et al., 2010 ; Hu et al., 2011,2018; Yong et al., 2020).
Galla rhois powder	Methyl gallate; 3-galloyl-gallic acid; 4-galloyl- gallic acid isomers; 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose; 2 inactive phenolic compounds, gallic acid methyl ester and gallic acid.	Stops oocyte shedding and decreases lesion scores.	Eimeria tenella	Improves body weight gain, reduces feed intake. Shows antibacterial and antiviral effect.	(Lee et al., 2012).
Ganoderma applanatum Ganoderma lucidum Pleurotus ostreatus (wild mushrooms)	Active polysaccharides, glycoproteins, organic acids, resins, glycosides (steroid, triterpenoid and saponins)	Polysaccharides are known to block colonization of the intestine by pathogens. Suppresses oocyst sporulation.	Eimeria tenella	Improves carcass weight. Ameliorates bloody diarrhea.	(Ogbe et al., 2008; Ogbe et al., 2010; Ahad et al., 2016).
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gypsophila paniculate, Aesculus hippocastanum.	Saponins	Saponins used in coating the Eimeria antigens in immunostimulation complexes during vaccine preparation.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Transports antigens and maintains their activity and stimulates IgG and IgM.	(Berezin et al., 2010).
Khaya senegalensis bark	Alkaloids and phenolics	Shows antioxidant properties. Ameliorates the degree of intestinal lipid peroxidation.	Eimeria tenella	Improves body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio. Reduces lesion scores and oocysts excretion	(Dakpogan et al., 2019).
Lepidium sativum (garden cress) seeds	Tocopherol, carotenoid, oleic acid, and α-linolenic acid. Antioxidant-rich extracts with high n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA)	Tocopherols are lipid-soluble antioxidants. Have an effect on the intracellular development of the parasites. Reduces the invasion and development in chickens. Induces ultra-structural changes in both the asexual and sexual stages induced by n-3 fatty acids.	Eimeria tenella	Decreases mortality, faecal oocyst shedding and lesion score.	(Allen et al., 1996; Danforth et al., 1997; Diwakar et al. 2010; Adamu and Boonkaewwan, 2014).
Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae), Morinda cordifolia, M. citrifolia, Myrianthus arboreus.	Acetone leaf extract contains alkaloids, anthraquinones, anthraquinols	Inhibits fecal oocyst, and reduces fecal oocyst score.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima	Improves body weight gain, and hematological parameters. Shows antioxidant properties.	(Ola-Fadunsin and Ademola, 2014; Rakhmani et al., 2014).
	Saponins	Inhibits fecal oocyst, and reduces fecal oocyst score.
Moringa oleifera	Ascorbic acid, flavonoids, phenolics, carotenoid, zeatin, quercetin, β - sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol. Protein, vitamins (C, A), amino acids and various phenolics.	Shows antioxidant properties. Ameliorates the degree of intestinal lipid peroxidation.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria brunetti	Inhibits oocyst output. Decreases fecal score, mortality and improves body weight gain.	(Ola-Fadunsin and Ademola, 2013).
Musa paradisiaca (banana roots)	Pectin and several flavonoids (Leucocyanidin, quercetin and its 3-O- galactoside, 3-O-glucoside, and 3-O-rhamnosyl glucoside)	Prevents coccidial developments and reduces its reproduction.	Eimeria tenella	Decreases the infection severity and oocyst shedding in a dose-dependent manner (1 g/kg body weight).	(Anosa and Okoro, 2011)
Nauclea diderichii	Ursolic and betulinic acids	Destroys the sporulated oocysts.	Eimeria tenella	Improves body weight gain, and hematological parameters.	(Ibrahim, 2016).
Olea europaea (Olive tree)	Maslinic acid, large concentrations of polyphenolic or biophenols (cynarosid/luteolin-7-O-glucoside; tyrosololeuropein quercetinisohamnetin; neobavaisoflavone 2, 3-dihydro-amentoflavone quercetin-3-O-rutinosidechlorogenic acid, isorhamnetin 3-O-(6”-O-feruloyl)-glucoside), diligustilide quercetin-o-(o-galloyl)-hexoside)	Shows destructive effect on sporulated oocysts.	Eimeria tenella; Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria brunetti and Eimeria maxima	Improves lesion index, the oocyst index, and the anticoccidial index.	(De Pablos et al., 2010; Debbou-Iouknane et al., 2021).
Origanum vulgare (Oregano oil)	Phenols (thymol and carvacrol)	Phenols (thymol and carvacrol) interacts with the cytoplasmic membrane by changing its permeability for cations, (H+ and K+). The dissipation of ion gradients leads to impairment of essential processes in the cell. This allows leakage of cellular constituents, resulting in water unbalance, the collapse of the membrane potential and inhibition of ATP synthesis, and finally, cell death. Have a toxic effect on the upper layer of mature enterocytes of the intestinal mucosa. This is due to carvacrol's hydrophobicity, which accelerates the natural renewal process, therefor sporozoite infected cells are shed before the merozoite phase.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Increases body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio.	(Weber and de Bont, 1996; Ultee et al., 2002; Giannenas et al., 2003; Tsinas et al. 2011; Mohiti-Asli and Ghanaatparast-Rashti, 2015; Sidiropoulou et al., 2020).
Parkia biglobosa (Bark root)	Phenolic compounds (tannins, saponins and flavonoids)	Reduces the oocyte count.	Eimeria tenella	Improves carcass weight, stopped mortality. Reduces blood droppings.	(Mertz et al., 2001; Maikai et al., 2007; Ugwuoke and Pewan, 2020).
Pimpinella anisum	Anethole, methylchavicol, eugenol, anisaldehyde and estragole	Reduces the oocyte number in broiler chickens only in case of combination with A. annua.	Eimeria tenella	Enhances performance (better body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio.	(Drăgan et al., 2010).
Pinus radiata (Pine bark)	Tannins	Penetrates the coccidia's oocyst wall and destroys the cytoplasm. Inactivates the endogenous enzymes responsible for the sporulation in chickens.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Enhances performance (better body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio.	(Jang et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008; Molan et al., 2009; Nweze and Obiwulu, 2009; Muthamilselvan et al., 2016).
Prunus domestica Prunus salicina (Plums fruit powder)	High levels of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids (anthocyanins)	Lowers fecal oocysts shedding.	Eimeria acervulina	Increases body weight gain and increases the IFN-gamma and IL-15 transcription and the proliferation of splenocytes. Improves the immune response to coccidiosis. Shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.	(Lee et al., 2008; Ogunlana et al. 2008; Jaiswal et al., 2013; Igwe and Charlton, 2016; Muthamilselvan et al., 2016).
Psidium guajava (guava)	Tannins, phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins (A, C and B complex), fiber and fatty acids and pectin	Psidium guajava extract inhibits sporulation process of Eimeria oocysts by inhibiting or inactivating the enzymes responsible for the sporulation. Penetrates the wall of the oocysts affecting the internal and external morphology of oocysts.	Eimeria tenella	Shows anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidants properties.	(Ahmed et al., 2018).
Punica granatum	Casuarinin, corilagin, granatin-A, tellimagrandin-I, punicalin, punicalagin, terminalin/gallayldilacton, ellagic acid	Recuses oocyst output.	Eimeria tenella	Improves intestinal lesions and enhances body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio.	(Dkhil, 2013; Ahad et al., 2018).
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)	Phenolic compounds like flavones (luteolin, apigenin and tricin derivatives), caffeic, hydroxycinnamic and sinapic acids (laborious methanolic extraction method)	Shows in vitro inhibitory potential on sporulation of coccidian oocysts.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria brunetti	Shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antistress, antiviral, antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities.	(Fornazier et al., 2002; Abbas et al., 2015).
Salvadora persica (Arak roots)	Phytochemicals like vitamin C, salvadorine, salvadourea, alkaloids, trimethylamine, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, saponins and salts, mostly as chlorides	Diminishes oocyst output through inhibition or impairment of the invasion, replication and development of Eimeria parasite species in the gut tissues of chickens. Reacts with cytoplasmic membranes and modifys their cation absorption, leading to damage of vital activities in coccidial cells leading to coccidial cell death. Stimulates antioxidative stress enzymes and neutralizing reactive oxygen species. This may have beneficial effects in treating coccidial infections ameliorating the degree of intestinal lipid peroxidation.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria. maxima	Shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Inhibits stress-induced abnormalities in hematological parameters, demonstrating its defensive effect against stress.	(Ramadan and Alshamrani, 2015; Thagfan et al., 2017; Aljedaie and Al-Malki 2020).
Senna siamea leaves (cassia)	Alkaloids called cassiarin emodin and upoleole	Shows antioxidant properties by ameliorating the degree of intestinal lipid peroxidation.	Eimeria tenella	Enhances body weight gain and decreases feed conversion ratio. Reduces lesion scores and oocysts excretion. Shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.	(Dakpogan et al., 2019).
Tannic acid extract	Tannic acid	Decreases oocyte numbers.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Decreases feed conversion ratio.	(Tonda et al., 2018).
Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain)	Thymol and carvacrol	Shows in vitro anticoccidial effect by affecting sporulation (%) of Eimeria oocysts in dose dependent manner. Damages the morphology of oocysts in terms of shape, size and number of sporocysts. Stops the sporulation process and damages the morphology of Eimeria oocysts in dose dependent manner. Such higher in vitro anticoccidial potential of T. ammi extract might be due to action of its antioxidant compounds of T. ammi against Eimeria.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria necatrix and Eimeria mitis	Enhances body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio.	(Abbas et al., 2019).
Tulbaghia violacea Harv	Antioxidant compounds as S -(methylthiomethyl) cysteine sulfoxide (marasmine), bis[(methylthio)methyl] disulfide and various derivatives	Decreases the oocyst production in the birds. Induces host cell destruction associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation and the ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Shows antioxidant activity. Improves gut pathology, body weight gain.	(Naidoo et al., 2008).
Vitis vinifera (Grape) seed extract	Proanthocyanidins [monomeric flavanols (catechin and epicatechin), dimeric, trimeric, and polymeric procyanidins, and phenolic acids (gallic acid and ellagic acid)]	Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract diminishes coccidiosis via the downregulation of oxidative stress (strong antioxidant). Damages the morphology of oocysts in terms of shape, size and number of sporocysts.	Eimeria tenella Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti and Eimeria mitis	Shows antioxidant activity. Improves gut pathology, and body weight gain.	(Yilmaz and Toledo, 2004; Naidoo et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2008; Abbas et al., 2020).
Yucca schidigera	Saponins	Diminishes coccidiosis via the downregulation of oxidative stress (strong antioxidant). Damages the morphology of oocysts in terms of shape, size and number of sporocysts.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima	Enhances the nonspecific immunity. Improves the productive performance (daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio). Reduces the mortality rate. Decreases the faecal oocyst shedding. Reduces ammonia production.	(Hassan et al. 2008; Mohiti-Asli and Ghanaatparast-Rashti, 2015).
Zingiber officinale (Ginger)	Phenol derivative as oleoresin and gingerol	Degenerates schizonts in the glandular epithelium. Interacts with parasite through an adsorption involving hydrogen bonding. Low levels of phenol interact with proteins and formd a phenol protein complex. The free phenol infiltrates into the parasite, causing precipitation and protein denaturation. The high levels of phenol cause the coagulation of proteins and lysis of the cell membrane.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima	Increases body weight gain. Shows antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.	(Ali et al., 2019; Aljedaie and Al-Malki 2020).