Table 3.

Different herbal mixtures; bioactive compounds; specific anticoccidial properties and their effects exerted on poultry and the studied coccidian species.

Herbal mixtures	Bioactive compounds	Specific anticoccidial effects exerted in poultry	Studied coccidian species	Other beneficial effects	References
Herbal essential oils (Eos) of Oreganum compactum, A. absinthium, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anredera cordifolia, Morinda citrifolia, Malvaviscus arboreus, Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol), Melaleuca alternifolia, Citrus sinensis, Curcuma zanthorrhiza (curcumin), Piper nigrum (piperin) and Thymus vulgaris (Thymol)	-	The EOs β thujone 1,8-cineol and p-cymene from A. absinthium prevents Eimeria oocyst development, while cineol, α-pinene and bornyl acetate from R. ofcinalis acts as antioxidants. Limonene and linalool from C. sinensis, and thymol and p-cymene from T. vulgaris destroys Eimeria oocysts.	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Reduces the total intestinal lesion score. Improves the zootechnical performance body weight gain and feed conversion ratio.	(Cox et al., 2000; Oviedo-Rondón et al., 2006; Reisinger et al., 2011; Remmal et al., 2011; Abbas et al., 2012a,b; Arczewska-Włosek and Świątkiewicz, 2013; Bozkurt et al., 2013; Quiroz-Castañeda and Dantán-González, 2015).
Sophora flavescens Aiton, Pulsatilla koreana, Sinomenium acutum, Ulmus macrocarpa, Quisqualis indica	Phenolic compounds as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and essential oils, alkaloids, and saponins	The EOs β thujone 1,8-cineol and p-cymene from A. absinthium prevents Eimeria oocyst development, while cineol, α-pinene and bornyl acetate from R. ofcinalis acts as antioxidants. Limonene and linalool from C. sinensis, and thymol and p-cymene from T. vulgaris destroys Eimeria oocysts.	Eimeria tenella	Decreases bloody diarrhea. Increases body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio.	(Youn and Noh, 2001).
Agrimonia eupatoria, Echinacea angustifolia, Ribes nigrum, Cinchona succirubra (Apacox)	-	Decreases the number of Eimeria tenella oocytes in chickens.	Eimeria tenella	Decreases bloody diarrhea and increases body weight gain and reduces feed conversion ratio.	(Christaki et al., 2004).
Uncariae ramulus cum Uncaria stem and thorn) Agrimoniae herba (agrimony) Sanguisorbae radix (sanguisorba root) Eclipta prostrata (Yetbadetajo Hert) Rehmanniae radix (rehmannia root) Pulsatillae radix (Chinese Pulsatilla root) Sophora flavescens (flavescent sophorae root) Radix glycyrrhizae (liocerice root)	Uncaria alkaloids such as rhyncopyline and isorhnchophyline, etc. Agrimonine, agrimonolide, organic acids phenols, agrimol A, B, C and D, etc. b-Sitosterol, pomolic acid, suavissimoside F1 Saponins such as eclalbasaponin I, II, III and XII, etc. Saponins such as rehmaglutins A, B, C and D, acteoside, glutinosides A, B and C Triterpenoid glycosides Alkaloids such as matrine, sophoridine and isomatrine, etc., flavanoids such as isoanhydroicartin, isoxanthohumol, etc. Glycyrrhizin, flavanoids such as licochacone A, isoglycycoumarin	Shows direct inhibiting effect on the maturing of unsporulated and killing effect on the sporulated oocysts.	Eimeria tenella	Decreases intestinal lesions and increased body weight gain.	(Du and Hu, 2004).
Polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus , Carthamus tinctorius, Lentinus edodes, and Tremella fuciformis	-	Polysaccharides enhances anticoccidial antibodies and antigen-specific cell proliferation in splenocytes via cellular and humoral immunity to E. tenella in chickens	Eimeria tenella	-	(Guo et al., 2004).
Curcuma longa, Capsicum annuum, and shiitake mushroom	Mixture of curcuma/capsicum/lentinus	Increases antibodies and decreases the number of oocytes in feces.	Eimeria acervulina	Enhances the local innate immunity (Transcriptional levels of local cytokines for IL- IL-, IL-, and IFN-).	(Lee et al., 2009).
Prebiotics or oligosaccharides (oligofructose) derived from chicory, onion, garlic, asparagus, artichoke, leek, bananas, tomatoes, wheat	Pyrodextrin, Inulin	-	-	Enhances immune defense against infection and reduces the mortality rate. Increases the gut microbiota and growth performance.	(Janardhana et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2011; Nabizadeh, 2012; Al-Sheraji et al., 2013; Sugiharto, 2014).
Capsicum oleoresin Turmeric oleoresin	-	Shows increases in NK cells, macrophages, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and their cytokines (IFN- and IL-6). Decreases the TNFSF15 and IL-17F, leading to induction and elevation of host immunity which kills Eimeria tenella in chickens	Eimeria tenella	Increases body weight gain. Lowers feed conversion ratio and mortality.	(Lee et al., 2011).
Carvacrol, 1.8-cineole, camphor, and thymol extracted from oregano, bay leaves, and lavender	-	Reduces oocyst number and shedding in a dose-dependent manner (oocysticidal action).	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria acervuline, Eimeria necatrix and Eimeria mitis	Improves performance of birds.	(Remmal et al., 2011,2013; Bozkurt et al., 2012).
Isopulegol, carvacrol, carvone, eugenol, cineol, cinnamaldehyde, carveol and thymol		Reduces oocyst number and shedding in a dose-dependent manner (oocysticidal action).	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria acervuline, Eimeria necatrix and Eimeria mitis	Improves performance of birds.	(Remmal et al., 2011,2013; Bozkurt et al., 2012).
Mixture of leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Nicotiana tabacum L.; flowers of Calotropis procera Ait. F. and seeds of Trachyspermum ammi L.	Phytochemicals of 4 plants discussed above can be broadly divided into phenols flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and essential oils, alkaloids, and saponins. Nicotiana tabacum contains alkaloids, mainly nicotine. Calotropis procera is rich in alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds/tannins, proteins and amino acids, proteolytic enzymes, flavonoids, saponins, sterols and/or triterpenes, acidic compounds and resins. Azadirachta indica and Trachyspermum ammi mentioned above	Shows a concentration-dependent anticoccidial activity.	Eimeria tenella	Shows anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-parasitic properties.	(Zaman et al., 2012).
Allium sativum, Urtica dioica, Inula helenium, Glycyrrhiza glabra, R. officinalis, Chelidonium majus, Thymus serpyllum, Tanacetum vulgare, and Coriandrum sativum. Salvia libonitica decoction, Eucalyptus EO, Peppermint EO, and saponin	-	-	Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima	Reduces the total intestinal lesion score and improves the zootechnical performance.	(Oviedo-Rondón et al., 2006; Pop et al., 2019; Sultan et al., 2019).
Herbal mixture of Allium sativum, Urtica dioica, Inula helenium, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Rosmarinus officinalis, Chelidonium majus, Thymus serpyllum, Tanacetum vulgare, Coriandrum sativum	Flavonoids, tannins or saponins, polyphenols. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and luteolin.	Alters the process of oocyst wall formation. Inhibits sporulation by destroying the sporozoites. Alleviates the damage to the intestinal tissue during parasite invasion by reducing the cytotoxic effects caused by the reactive oxygen species and thus the lowers the lesion score.	Eimeria maxi	Reduces the coccidian multiplication rate. Reduces the severity of intestinal lesions. Shows immunomodulatory effects.	(Pop et al., 2019).
Herbal powder (Shi Yin Zi) consists of: Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss, Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz., and sodium chloride	Osthole Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid	Inhibits coccidian oocyst sporulation.	Eimeria tenella	Alleviates the histopathological changes of the cecum, and the number of oocysts and mucosa cell necrocytosis. Improves body weight gain.	(Song et al., 2020).