Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Young Adults With AMI Who Were Readmitted Versus Not Readmitted at 1 Year (44 Candidate Variables)
|
All patients (N=2979) |
All patients (Missing) |
No readmission (N=2074) |
No readmission (Missing) |
Readmission within 1 year (N=905) |
Readmission within 1 year (Missing) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics/socioeconomic status | |||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 47.1 (6.18) | 0 (0.0%) | 47.2 (6.10) | 0 (0.0%) | 46.9 (6.36) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.1755 |
| Age, median (interquartile range), y | 48.0 (44.0–52.0) | 0 (0.0%) | 48.0 (44.0–52.0) | 0 (0.0%) | 48.0 (44.0–52.0) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.2628 |
| Sex | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Female | 2007 (67.4%) | 1323 (63.8%) | 684 (75.6%) | ||||
| Male | 972 (32.6%) | 751 (36.2%) | 221 (24.4%) | ||||
| Race | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0001 | |||
| White | 2289 (76.8%) | 1631 (78.6%) | 658 (72.7%) | ||||
| Black | 533 (17.9%) | 323 (15.6%) | 210 (23.2%) | ||||
| Married or living with spouse | 1658 (55.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1207 (58.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 451 (49.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Primary earner | 2214 (74.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1578 (76.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 636 (70.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0008 |
| Low income | 1262 (42.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 793 (38.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 469 (51.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Less than high school education | 1280 (43.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 864 (41.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 416 (46.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0319 |
| Currently employed | 1828 (61.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1367 (65.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 461 (50.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Has health insurance | 2294 (77.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1588 (76.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 706 (78.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.4427 |
| Cardiac risk factors | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1058 (35.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 657 (31.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 401 (44.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Obesity (body mass index≥30 kg/m2) | 1571 (52.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1069 (51.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 502 (55.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0528 |
| Hypertension | 1974 (66.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1321 (63.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 653 (72.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 2582 (86.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1781 (85.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 801 (88.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0516 |
| Current Smoking | 891 (29.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 635 (30.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 256 (28.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.2015 |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease | 2004 (67.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1373 (66.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 631 (69.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0833 |
| Inactivity | 1054 (35.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 683 (32.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 371 (41.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Medical history | |||||||
| Prior myocardial infarction | 635 (21.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 379 (18.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 256 (28.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| History of renal disease | 337 (11.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 204 (9.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 133 (14.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 1011 (33.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 743 (35.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 268 (29.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0010 |
| History of chronic obsructive pulmonary disease | 346 (11.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 198 (9.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 148 (16.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| History of depression | 1212 (40.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 766 (36.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 446 (49.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Presentation characteristics | |||||||
| First health service used | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.3395 | |||
| Directly ER from home | 2654 (89.1%) | 1852 (89.3%) | 802 (88.6%) | ||||
| Before ER, Dr office | 162 (5.4%) | 105 (5.1%) | 57 (6.3%) | ||||
| Before ER, other health services | 163 (5.5%) | 117 (5.6%) | 46 (5.1%) | ||||
| Late presentation >6 h | 1319 (44.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 894 (43.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 425 (47.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0538 |
| Ejection fraction >40% | 319 (10.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 209 (10.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 110 (12.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0849 |
| Chest pain as primary symptom | 2600 (87.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1830 (88.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 770 (85.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0176 |
| Angiogram | 317 (10.6%) | 208 (10.0%) | 109 (12.0%) | 0.0333 | |||
| Nonobstructive CAD <50% | 257 (8.6%) | 195 (9.4%) | 62 (6.9%) | ||||
| Obstructive coronary artery disease ≥50% | 2405 (80.7%) | 1671 (80.6%) | 734 (81.1%) | ||||
| Intravenous (cardiogenic shock) | 13 (0.4%) | 8 (0.4%) | 5 (0.6%) | ||||
| Type of myocardial infarction | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0096 | |||
| ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction | 1483 (49.8%) | 1065 (51.4%) | 418 (46.2%) | ||||
| Non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction | 1496 (50.2%) | 1009 (48.6%) | 487 (53.8%) | ||||
| Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events score, mean (SD) | 75.2 (19.05) | 49 (1.6%) | 74.6 (18.00) | 23 (1.1%) | 76.6 (21.26) | 26 (2.9%) | 0.0145 |
| Total length of stay, d, mean (SD) | 4.2 (3.93) | 13 (0.4%) | 3.9 (3.41) | 8 (0.4%) | 4.9 (4.85) | 5 (0.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Disposition to other institutions at discharge | 2806 (94.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1962 (94.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 844 (93.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0071 |
| Discharge counseling | |||||||
| Recommended counseling (cardiac+diet+smoking) | 951 (31.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 674 (32.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 277 (30.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.3089 |
| Exercise counseling | 2751 (92.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1913 (92.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 838 (92.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.7343 |
| Dual antiplatelet therapy | 1964 (65.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1389 (67.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 575 (63.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0688 |
| In‐hospital complications | |||||||
| Bleeding | 197 (6.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 133 (6.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 64 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.5056 |
| Heart failure | 215 (7.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 118 (5.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 97 (10.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 205 (6.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 132 (6.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 73 (8.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0923 |
| Psychosocial factors, mean (SD) | |||||||
| Social support (ENRICHD Social Support Instrument‐7) | 21.3 (4.56) | 57 (1.9%) | 21.5 (4.34) | 33 (1.6%) | 20.9 (5.01) | 24 (2.7%) | 0.0058 |
| Depression (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9) | 7.8 (6.45) | 117 (3.9%) | 7.2 (6.21) | 71 (3.4%) | 9.4 (6.73) | 46 (5.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Stress (Perceived Stress Scale‐14) | 26.0 (9.78) | 185 (6.2%) | 25.3 (9.83) | 117 (5.6%) | 27.6 (9.48) | 68 (7.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Physical limitations (SAQ) | 80.6 (25.79) | 74 (2.5%) | 83.5 (23.83) | 48 (2.3%) | 73.9 (28.75) | 26 (2.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Angina frequency (SAQ) | 83.2 (20.77) | 9 (0.3%) | 84.8 (19.12) | 7 (0.3%) | 79.4 (23.71) | 2 (0.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Treatment satisfaction (SAQ) | 91.8 (13.02) | 25 (0.8%) | 92.4 (12.12) | 18 (0.9%) | 90.2 (14.76) | 7 (0.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Quality of life (SAQ) | 57.4 (24.95) | 18 (0.6%) | 59.6 (24.35) | 12 (0.6%) | 52.6 (25.63) | 6 (0.7%) | <0.0001 |
| General health, SF‐12 (physical component score) | 43.0 (12.09) | 142 (4.8%) | 44.6 (11.53) | 101 (4.9%) | 39.3 (12.53) | 41 (4.5%) | <0.0001 |
| General health, SF‐12 (mental component score) | 45.5 (12.41) | 142 (4.8%) | 46.2 (12.12) | 101 (4.9%) | 43.9 (12.94) | 41 (4.5%) | <0.0001 |
ER indicates emergency room; SAQ, Seattle Angina Questionnaire; and SF‐12, Short Form‐12.