Table 1.
Dysregulated Genes Encoding Candidate Responsive Biomarkers for AKI and Recovery in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
| Symbol | Name | Cellular location | Plasma/serum | Urine | Known drug target* | Previous association with AKI† | Normalized read counts at B‡ | Fold change B‐HF§¶ | Fold change HF‐R§¶ | Fold change B‐R§¶ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| REN ∥ | Renin | ES | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 53 (48–102) | 7.1†† | −10.1†† | … |
| NGFR | Nerve growth factor receptor | PM | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 86 (51–98) | −2.7** | 2.6** | … |
| CNGA3 | Cyclic nucleotide gated channel subunit alpha 3 | PM | Yes | No | No | No | 93 (85–126) | 2.6** | −3.3†† | … |
| SLC5A1 | Solute carrier family 5 member 1 | PM | Yes | No | No | No | 358 (197–574) | −2.4# | 2.5# | … |
| OIT3 | Oncoprotein induced transcript 3 | N | Yes | No | No | No | 29 (15–33) | 2.2** | 2.6# | … |
| HPCA | Hippocalcin | C | Yes | Yes | No | No | 50 (40–59) | −2.2** | 1.9# | … |
| FSTL3 | Follistatin like 3 | ES | Yes | No | No | No | 103 (91–126) | 2.1** | −1.9# | … |
| MUC20 | Mucin 20, cell surface associated | PM | No | Yes | No | No | 1280 (889–1441) | −2.0** | 1.9# | … |
| IGFBP3 | Insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 | ES | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | 495 (373–668) | −2.0# | 2.0# | … |
| STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 | N | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 1182 (1060–1274) | 2.0# | −1.9# | … |
| TXNDC16 | Thioredoxin domain containing 16 | ES | Yes | No | No | No | 255 (220–352) | −1.9†† | 1.7# | … |
| HSP90AA1 | Heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 | C | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 10 647 (9601–11 011) | 1.7** | −1.5# | … |
| LARP1B | La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 1B | ES | Yes | No | No | No | 159 (153–195) | 1.6** | −1.5# | … |
| GLTP | Glycolipid transfer protein | C | No | Yes | No | No | 798 (734–914) | −1.5†† | 1.6†† | … |
| SIPA1L1 | Signal induced proliferation associated 1 like 1 | C | Yes | No | No | No | 820 (762–1283) | −1.5# | 1.7# | … |
| CAPN1 | Calpain 1 | C | No | Yes | No | Yes | 1448 (1204–1595) | −1.5** | 1.4# | … |
| KLF7 | Kruppel like factor 7 | N | Yes | No | No | No | 567 (524–625) | 1.4†† | −1.3# | … |
| PDE5A | Phosphodiesterase 5A | C | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 2088 (1901–2231) | −1.4†† | 1.4†† | … |
| HSP90B1 | Heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 | C | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 8974 (8708–9585) | 1.4# | −1.4# | … |
AKI indicates acute kidney injury; B, baseline; C, cytoplasm; ES, extracellular space; HF, heart failure; N, nucleus; PM, plasma membrane; and R, recovery.
*Gene/protein product targeted by 1 or more pharmaceutical drugs.
†Genes associated with AKI in the Harmonizome database 12 and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis knowledgebase. 13
‡Normalized RNA sequencing read counts at B expressed as median (interquartile range).
§Expression fold changes between B, HF, and R.
||Genes enriched, or specifically expressed in, kidney (www.proteinatlas.org). 14
¶ P<0.05, # P<0.01, ** P<0.001, and †† P<0.0001 after adjustment for multiple comparisons.