Table 3.
Time 2 Variables and the Course of Major Depressive Episodes between 2002 and 2018, Adjusted for Sociodemographic and Military Demographic Factors.
| Lifetime depression in 2002—no depression SLI (Remitting) | No lifetime depression in 2002—depression SLI (New onset) | Lifetime depression in 2002—depression SLI (Persistent/Recurrent) | Persistent depression (Ref: Remitting) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RRR (95% CI) | RRR (95% CI) | RRR (95% CI) | RRR (95% CI) | |
| Deployed since 2002 | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.64* (0.44 to 0.94) | 1.41** (1.12 to 1.78) | 0.58** (0.42 to 0.82) | 0.91 (0.57 to 1.44) |
| Current member status | ||||
| Active duty | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Veteran | 1.18 (0.79 to 1.75) | 1.64*** (1.28 to 2.11) | 2.15*** (1.46 to 3.17) | 1.83* (1.10 to 3.04) |
| Any anxiety disorder since 2002 | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.50* (1.00 to 2.25) | 15.42*** (11.65 to 20.42) | 20.55*** (14.05 to 30.06) | 13.66*** (8.23 to 22.70) |
| Alcohol dependence since 2002 | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.86 (0.27 to 2.76) | 4.41*** (2.67 to 7.30) | 3.88*** (2.01 to 7.49) | 4.49* (1.37 to 14.72) |
| New deployment-associated traumatic experience | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.88 (0.62 to 1.26) | 2.27*** (1.79 to 2.87) | 1.24 (0.90 to 1.71) | 1.40 (0.89 to 2.20) |
| New sexual trauma | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.25 (0.91 to 5.51) | 2.17*** (1.38 to 3.42) | 2.21** (1.32 to 3.73) | 0.99 (0.40 to 2.42) |
| New other trauma type | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.23 (0.88 to 1.71) | 2.15*** (1.72 to 2.69) | 2.05*** (1.48 to 2.84) | 1.67* (1.08 to 2.58) |
| Recent consultation with professional for mental/emotional health | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.04*** (1.48 to 2.81) | 10.63*** (7.96 to 14.20) | 12.34*** (7.83 to 19.45) | 6.05*** (3.55 to 10.33) |
| Length of service | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01) | 0.94*** (0.92 to 0.97) | 0.94*** (0.91 to 0.98) |
| Number of traumatic events since 2002 | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) | 1.20*** (1.15 to 1.26) | 1.15*** (1.08 to 1.23) | 1.17*** (1.07 to 1.28) |
| Number of traumatic experiences on deployment 2002 to 2018 | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.05) | 1.22*** (1.15 to 1.29) | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.18) | 1.15* (1.00 to 1.31) |
| Coping style in 2018 | ||||
| Problem-focused | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.07) | 0.76*** (0.71 to 0.81) | 0.73*** (0.67 to 0.78) | 0.74*** (0.67 to 0.83) |
| Avoidance | 1.10*** (1.04 to 1.17) | 1.39*** (1.34 to 1.45) | 1.49*** (1.40 to 1.58) | 1.35*** (1.25 to 1.46) |
| Self-medication | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.14) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.09) | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.18) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.19) |
| Social support in 2018 | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01) | 0.96*** (0.94 to 0.97) | 0.95*** (0.93 to 0.96) | 0.96*** (0.93 to 0.98) |
| Work stress score in 2018 | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.07) | 1.05*** (1.02 to 1.08) | 1.06*** (1.02 to 1.11) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.10) |
Note. Time 2 variables were all derived from information collected in 2018. The first three columns of RRRs are referenced to the group that never had an MDE; the last column of RRRs is referenced to the group that had a lifetime MDE in 2002 but remitted (no MDE SLI). All analyses are adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, household income, ethnicity, military personnel type, and military environment. CI = confidence interval; SLI = since last interview (interval between 2002 and 2018); RRR = relative risk ratio.
Bold font indicates statistical significance. *P < 0.05. ** P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001.