Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population based on histological evidence of CA.
| Parameters | Available data (n) | All (n = 56) | Non-CA (n = 32) | CA (n = 24) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at death, y | 56 | 86 (82–90) | 85 (81–89) | 86 (84–91) | 0.204 |
| Male, % | 56 | 43 | 38 | 50 | 0.350 |
| ATTR, % | 24 | 25 | - | 50 | NA |
| AL, % | 24 | 25 | - | 50 | NA |
| BMI, Kg/mq | 56 | 22 (20–25) | 23 (20–26) | 22 (20–24) | 0.583 |
| Hypertension, % | 56 | 45 | 47 | 42 | 0.892 |
| SBP, mmHg | 56 | 120 (110–140) | 120 (115–140) | 125 (105–130) | 0.297 |
| Heart Failure, % | 56 | 61 | 47 | 79 | 0.014 |
| NYHA 3–4, % | 34 | 14 | 6 | 25 | 0.047 |
| Syncope, % | 56 | 24 | 16 | 35 | 0.099 |
| IHD, % | 56 | 48 | 56 | 38 | 0.165 |
| CKD (eGFR <60 ml/min) | 56 | 73 | 81 | 63 | 0.117 |
| LABORATORY | |||||
| Creatinin, mg/dL | 54 | 1.03 (0.76–1.49) | 0.94 (0.7–1.28) | 1.15 (0.92–1.95) | 0.053 |
| eGFR, ml/min | 54 | 60 (33–78) | 66 (43–80) | 53 (24–68) | 0.042 |
| Troponin T, ng/mL* | 34 | 0.098 (0.026–1.388) | 0.035 (0.017–0.11) | 1.85 (1.30–3.96) | <0.001 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 31 | 394 (268–1,413) | 302 (268–579) | 935 (227–1,757) | 0.147 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 53 | 0.71 (0.51–1.10) | 0.7 (0.47–1.15) | 0.73 (0.52–1.08) | 0.685 |
| AST, U/L | 54 | 25 (18–45) | 25 (19–48) | 25 (16–42) | 0.581 |
| ALT, U/L | 54 | 16.5 (12–33) | 16 (13–32) | 17 (11–39) | 0.793 |
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY | |||||
| AF, % | 53 | 49 | 36 | 68 | 0.019 |
| HR, bpm | 53 | 78 (67–93) | 78 (63–93) | 80 (71–93) | 0.545 |
| LVH, % | 53 | 35 | 33 | 36 | 0.820 |
| RBBB, % | 53 | 24 | 27 | 20 | 0.589 |
| LBBB, % | 53 | 16 | 10 | 25 | 0.156 |
| Low QRS voltage, % | 53 | 16 | 4 | 30 | 0.009 |
| Discrepancy QRS-LVH, % | 53 | 45 | 12 | 70 | <0.001 |
| ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY | |||||
| LVH (≥12 mm), % | 37 | 66 | 39 | 100 | <0.001 |
| IVS, mm | 37 | 12 (10–15) | 11 (10–12) | 15 (12–17) | <0.001 |
| PWT, mm | 37 | 11 (9–14) | 11 (9–11) | 12 (10–13) | 0.031 |
| RWT | 37 | 0.46 (0.41–0.55) | 0.41 (0.36–0.45) | 0.49 (0.46–0.68) | 0.002 |
| LVEF, % | 37 | 55 (49–60) | 58 (53–63) | 52 (38–59) | 0.073 |
| LVEF <50%, % | 37 | 23 | 11 | 38 | 0.058 |
| RV dysfunction, % | 37 | 16 | 14 | 20 | 0.606 |
| RFP, % | 37 | 35 | 19 | 56 | 0.020 |
| E/E′ | 37 | 13 (11–18) | 12 (8–14) | 17 (12–20) | 0.051 |
| LA diameter, mm | 37 | 48 (41–52) | 42 (36–50) | 49 (45–54) | 0.019 |
| LA area, cmq | 37 | 32 (27–36) | 29 (24–35) | 35 (32–36) | 0.021 |
| AVS,% | 37 | 24 | 26 | 21 | 0.703 |
| AUTOPSY | |||||
| Weight, gr | 56 | 480 (420–570) | 460 (409–518) | 500 (420–600) | 0.112 |
| Transverse diameter, cm | 56 | 13 (11.5–14) | 12.8 (11.3–13.6) | 13.5 (12–14) | 0.097 |
| IA diameter, cm | 56 | 6.5 (6–7.2) | 6.2 (5.5–7) | 6.5 (6–7.3) | 0.048 |
| CAD 2–3∧, % | 56 | 40 | 41 | 39 | 0.911 |
*At our Institution the normal value of serum troponin T <0.06 ng/mL.
∧Semiquantitative ordinal scale (0–3) reflecting no (0) to critical (3) atherosclerosis.
AAL, Light Chain Amyloidosis; AF, Atrial Fibrillation; ATTR, Transthyretin Amyloidosis; AVS, Aortic Valve Stenosis; BAV I, First Degree Atrioventricular Block; BMI, Body Mass Index; CA, Cardiac amyloidosis; CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease; DPB, Diastolic Blood Pressure; eGFR, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; IA, Interatrial; IHD, Ischemic Heart Disease; IVS, Interventricular Septum; LA, Left Atrial; LAFB, Left Anterior Fascicular Block; LBBB, Left Bundle Branch Block; LVEF, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; LVH, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy; PWT, Posterior Wall Thickness; RBBB, Right Bundle Branch Block; RFP, Restrictive Filling Pattern; RV, Right Ventricle; RWT, Relative Wall Thickness; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure. Bold identifies significant p values (<0.05); Italics identifies p values near to the significance threshold.