Table 1.

Beneficial effects of the KD or ketone bodies in animal models.

Disease	Animal model	Treatment	Outcome	References
Alzheimer's disease	3xTgAD transgenic mouse	Diet supplemented with BHB	Reduced oxidized proteins and lipids	(7)
	APP/PS1 and Tg4510 transgenic mice	KD for 3 months	Improved locomotor activity, no improvement in learning or change in amyloid or tau deposition	(8)
	3xTgAD transgenic mouse	Ketosis induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose	Reduced accumulation of Aβ and lowered oxidative stress	(9)
	PDGFB-APPSwInd transgenic mouse	BHB and ACA subcutaneous injections for 2 months	Reduced amyloid deposition, improved learning and memory and synaptic plasticity	(10)
Epilepsy	adenosine A1 receptors (A1R)-/- and Adk-Tg mice	KD for 3 weeks	Reduced seizure frequency	(11)
	Kcna1-/- mice	KD diet, BHB administration	Reduced spontaneous recurrent seizures	(12)
	6-Hz induced seizure model and Kcna1-/-, mice	KD 2-14 days	Elevated seizure threshold, decreases seizure duration and frequency	(13)
Glaucoma	DBA/2J mutant mouse with elevated intraocular pressure	KD for 8 weeks	Increased neuronal survival	(14)
	NMDA-induced RGC death, rat	KD for 3 weeks	Increased RGC survival in juvenile not adults	(15)
	NMDA-induced RGC death, rat	Daily BHB or ACA intraperitoneal injection for 21 days	Increased RGC survival	(16)
	Blast pressure-induced ocular injury, mice	KD beginning 2 weeks prior to injury	Increased neuronal survival, decreased gliosis	(17)
MS	Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse	KD up to 30 days	Increased spatial learning and memory, improved motor ability and reduced lesion size	(18)
	Cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse	KD up to 35 days	Improved motor and behavioral deficits, increased mature oligodendrocytes and reduced hippocampal demyelination	(19)
Parkinson's Disease	MPTP mouse	BHB infusions	Decreased dopaminergic neurons degeneration and reduced motor deficits	(20)
	MPTP mouse	KD prior to injury	Improved motor function	(21)
	6-OHDA rat	KD for 7 weeks	None	(2)
	6-OHDA rat	KD for 2 weeks prior to and after injury	Increased neurons	(22)
Retinal degeneration	rd10 model of retinitis pigmentosa, mouse	KD+low protein 1 week prior to disease onset	Increased retina function and thickness	(23)
	Pde6a D670G model of retinitis pigmentosa, mouse	KD for 1 week	Improved retinal histology	(24)
SCI	C5 spinal hemi-contusion, rats	KD initiated 2 weeks prior to injury	Motor recovery, reduced lesion size	(25)
Stroke	Endothelin-1 model of induced ischemia, rat	KD prior to injury	Improved mobility	(26)
	Cardiac arrest-induced cerebral ischemia, rat	KD for 25 days prior to injury	Prevented neurodegeneration	(27)
	Middle cerebral artery occlusion, rat	Intravenous BHB administration after injury	Reduced cerebral infarct area and lower neurological deficits	(28)